Hypothetical Northern Spawning Limit and Larval Transport of Spot
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A three‐dimensional circulation model was used in conjunction with larval fish vertical behaviour models to study the interaction between larval vertical distribution, advection and the outcome of larval transport along the central portion of the east coast of the United States. The circulation model was forced by tides, a northern boundary inflow, and winds. Vertical behaviour models were developed for Atlantic menhaden ( Brevoortia tyrannus ) and spot ( Leiostomus xanthurus ). The purpose of this modelling effort was to investigate the transport pathways of Atlantic menhaden and spot larvae from offshore spawning grounds to estuarine nursery habitats. The coupled circulation and behavioural model demonstrated the importance of along‐shelf transport in what is generally thought to be a ‘cross‐shelf’ problem. Cross‐shelf transport was associated with bathymetric features, such as shoals. Both physical (e.g. wind) and biological (e.g. changes in larval behaviour) events were responsible for many of the observed patterns in larval transport. Overall, larval transport was determined by circulation but was modified by larval vertical distributions.
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MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 390:167-181 (2009) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08173 Variability in transport of fish eggs and larvae. I. Modelling the effects of coastal reclamation Paul L. A. Erftemeijer1,*, Jan K. L. van Beek1, Loes J. Bolle2, Mark Dickey-Collas2, Hans F. J. Los1 1DELTARES (formerly Delft Hydraulics), PO Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands 2Wageningen IMARES - Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies, PO Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands *Email: paul.erftemeijer@deltares.nl ABSTRACT: Dispersal of eggs and larvae of herring, plaice and sole in the southern North Sea was studied by modelling using real-time hydrodynamic forcing (with wind, air pressure and river discharge) and species-specific knowledge of larval behaviour (incorporating salinity triggers), temperature-dependent growth and spawning characteristics. Larval transport was simulated using a finite-volume advection-diffusion model (Delft3D-WAQ) coupled to a 3-dimensional hydrodynamic model (Delft3D-FLOW). Model parameter settings were refined following a sensitivity analysis. Validation of modelled hydrodynamics and larval distribution patterns showed broad agreement with field data. Differences in model results for larval distribution, transport success and timing of arrival at nursery grounds between baseline conditions and a scenario that incorporated a proposed 1000 ha coastal reclamation (protruding 6 to 7 km from the Dutch coastline) for the expansion of the Port of Rotterdam (Maasvlakte-2) were insignificant in comparison to the interannual variability in larval dispersal for these species. Results suggest that effects of the proposed coastal reclamation on the transport success of fish larvae (flatfish and herring), an issue over which public stakeholders had expressed concern, will be negligible. KEY WORDS: Fish larvae · Dispersal modelling · Coastal reclamation · Impact assessment · North Sea · Herring · Plaice · Sole Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Erftemeijer PLA, van Beek JKL, Bolle LJ, Dickey-Collas M, Los HFJ (2009) Variability in transport of fish eggs and larvae. I. Modelling the effects of coastal reclamation. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 390:167-181. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08173 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 390. Online publication date: September 18, 2009 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2009 Inter-Research.
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The Norwegian spring-spawning herring appear to spawn in areas where the larvae may be temporarily retained (retention areas). This article aims to shed light on the spawning and larval drift of this herring stock with special emphasis on the role of the retention areas. Year class strength seems to be positively correlated with high wind speed over the spawning fields in April and slow northerly larval drift. Most of the Norwegian continental shelf is covered by stratified water all year. In the retention areas, the vertical stratification is reduced during winter/spring compared with the surrounding waters. The windinduced turbulence generated by the high wind speeds in April will, therefore, reach deeper into the retention areas and thereby probably increase the predator-prey encounter rate for the first-feeding herring larvae and favour a high survival rate. The coincidence of slow northerly larval drift and good recruitment supports the conclusion that interannual variations in the degree of retention could be an important recruitment-regulating mechanism for the Norwegian spring-spawning herring.
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Polyphemus
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Abstract For many marine fish species, recruitment is strongly related to larval survival and dispersal to nursery areas. Simulating larval drift should help assessing the sensitivity of recruitment variability to early life history. An individual‐based model (IBM) coupled to a hydrodynamic model was used to simulate common sole larval supply from spawning areas to coastal and estuarine nursery grounds at the population scale in the eastern Channel on a 14‐yr time series, from 1991 to 2004. The IBM allowed each particle released to be transported by currents from the hydrodynamic model, to grow with temperature, to migrate vertically giving stage development, and possibly to die according to drift duration, representing the life history from spawning to metamorphosis. Despite sensitivity to the larval mortality rate, the model provided realistic simulations of cohort decline and spatio‐temporal variability of larval supply. The model outputs were analysed to explore the effects of hydrodynamics and life history on the interannual variability of settled sole larvae in coastal nurseries. Different hypotheses of the spawning spatial distribution were also tested, comparing homogeneous egg distribution to observation and potential larval survival (PLS) maps. The sensitivity analyses demonstrated that larval supply is more sensitive to the life history along larval drift than to the phenology and volume of spawning, providing explanations for the lack of significant stock–recruitment relationship. Nevertheless, larval supply is sensitive to spawning distribution. Results also suggested a very low connectivity between supposed different sub‐populations in the eastern Channel.
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ABSTRACT We have numerically modeled the advection and diffusion of sardine eggs and larvae to investigate the larval transport processes of Japanese sardine from the spawning grounds by the Kuroshio. The results indicated that the offshore drift current induced by the winter monsoon and the location of the spawning ground have significant effects on the survival of the Japanese sardine. The contribution of the drift current, the distance of the spawning ground from the Kuroshio axis, and the eddy diffusivity to the larval retention in the coastal area is approximately expressed by the following equation: where R is the retention rate in the coastal area, a the variance of initial distribution of eggs, T the time after the eggs were spawned, – V 0 the velocity of the wind‐induced offshore current, y 0 the distance of the center of the spawning area from the Kuroshio axis, and K the coefficient of horizontal eddy diffusivity. The year‐to‐year variation in larval survival rates stimulated by the two‐dimensional model are consistent with those estimated previously by using field data of egg and larval abundance during 1978–1988.
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