Chemokines and Innate Lymphoid Cells in Skin Inflammation
15
Citation
119
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
As the outermost barrier, skin plays an important role in protecting our bodies against outside invasion. Under stable conditions or during inflammation, leukocytes migration is essential for restoring homeostasis in the skin. Immune cells trafficking is orchestrated by chemokines; leukocytes express receptors that bind to chemokines and trigger migration. The homeostasis of the immune ecosystem is an extremely complicated dynamic process that requires the cooperation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Emerging studies have been shedding a light on the unique characteristics of skin-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). In this review, we discuss how chemokines orchestrate skin ILCs trafficking and contribute to tissue homeostasis and how abnormal chemokine–chemokine receptor interactions contribute to and augment skin inflammation, as seen in conditions such as contact hypersensitivity, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis.Keywords:
Innate lymphoid cell
Innate lymphoid cell
GATA3
Interleukin 33
Cite
Citations (74)
The chemokine system has evolved primarily to control the trafficking of leukocytes during immune or inflammatory responses. However, through their expression of chemokine ligands and receptors, cancers have commandeered various aspects of this host defence system in order to enhance their growth. Although engineered over-expression of some tumour-derived chemokines can stimulate host antitumour respones, this is unlikely to be the reason that tumour cells express them. Rather, a growing body of clinical and laboratory evidence indicates that cancer cells may secrete chemokines in order to attract host cells that supply the tumours with growth and angiogenic factors. In addition, chemokine receptor expression by tumour cells may permit them to use the host's pre-existing leukocyte trafficking system to invade target tissues during metastatic spread. Together, these observations suggest that therapies directed against chemokine ligands or receptors may be beneficial in cancer.
CCR10
Chemokine receptor CCR5
Cite
Citations (11)
CXC chemokine receptors
Chemokine receptor CCR5
Medical microbiology
Cite
Citations (34)
Innate lymphoid cell
Cite
Citations (12)
Chemokines are a family of polypeptides that direct the migration of leukocytestoward a site of infection. They play a major role in autoimmune disease and chemokine receptors have recently been found to mediate HIV-1 fusion. In this short review we examine the role of chemokines in host defence and in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases. We conclude by discussing various therapeutic approaches that target chemokine receptors and that could be beneficial in disease.
Cite
Citations (12)
Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of malignant head and neck tumors. Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines, which can induce tumor proliferation as well as metastasis, although the influence of chemokines and their signaling pathways via chemokine receptors is not fully understood. Moreover, the radiation-induced expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors is poorly studied. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to analyze the expression of the chemokines of the CC-and CXC-class and their receptors in untreated and in irradiated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). The expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors in 15 head and neck carcinoma cell lines and two normal tissue cell lines was analyzed. The spontaneous expression and the expression 6 hours after irradiation with 2 Gy was determined. To validate the results, certain chemokines and chemokine receptors were re-analyzed in selected cell lines. In this second independent analysis the expression was detected for 48 hours after irradiation. Gene expression of chemokines and their receptors was detected by real-time PCR. In addition, the protein expression of two chemokines was analyzed by ELISA. The results of the first analysis showed, that the chemokine receptors were less widely expressed in the investigated cell lines than the chemokines. Irradiation with 2 Gy caused an altered expression of the chemokines and chemokine receptors in all investigated cell lines. Radiation caused up- and downregulation in the expression of the chemokines, whereas the expression of the investigated receptors was predominantly downregulated after irradiation. The results of the chemokine expression were validated in the second, independent analysis. Radiation caused again up- and downregulation in the expression of the chemokines, but also showed that the expression of the chemokines and its receptors varies over the entire period of 48 hours after irradiation. The protein expression of the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL12 corresponded well with the mRNA expression. In summary, irradiation of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and normal tissue cells caused a radiation-induced change of gene expression of the chemokine and its receptors. The results of this analysis show the complexity of the topic, so further studies will be needed to fully understand the influence of chemokines and chemokine receptors and their effect under a treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
CCR10
CCL7
CXC chemokine receptors
CCR3
CCL13
CCR1
CCL21
Cite
Citations (0)
Innate lymphoid cell
Cite
Citations (50)
Monocyte
CCR2
CCR1
CCL13
CC chemokine receptors
Cite
Citations (1)
CCR1
CCL13
CCR3
Cite
Citations (43)
Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression by tumor cells contributes to tumor growth and angiogenesis and thus these factors may be considered as tumor markers. Here we aimed to characterize cells directly extracted from glioma, meningioma, and secondary brain tumors as well as non-tumoral cells in vitro. Cells were isolated from brain tissues using 0.2% collagenase and characterized by flow cytometry. Expression of SDF-1, CXCR4, CXCR7, RANTES, CCR5, MCP-1 and IP-10 was defined using flow cytometry and qRT-PCR methods. Brain tissue isolated cells were observed as spindle-shaped cell populations. No significant differences were observed for expression of SDF-1, CXCR4, CXCR7, RANTES, CCR5, and IP-10 transcripts. However, the expression of CXCR4 was approximately 13-fold and 110-fold higher than its counterpart, CXCR7, in meningioma and glioma cells, respectively. CXCR7 was not detectable in secondary tumors but CXCR4 was expressed. In non tumoral cells, CXCR7 had 1.3-fold higher mRNA expression than CXCR4. Flow cytometry analyses of RANTES, MCP-1, IP-10, CCR5 and CXCR4 expression showed no significant difference between low and high grade gliomas. Differential expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 in brain tumors derived cells compared to non-tumoral samples may have crucial impacts on therapeutic interventions targeting the SDF-1/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis.
CCR1
CC chemokine receptors
CCL13
CCR10
CCR3
CCL21
Cite
Citations (14)