The CODI-CRAC 2021 Shared Task on Anaphora, Bridging, and Discourse Deixis Resolution in Dialogue: A Cross-Team Analysis
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Abstract:
The CODI-CRAC 2021 shared task is the first shared task that focuses exclusively on anaphora resolution in dialogue and provides three tracks, namely entity coreference resolution, bridging resolution, and discourse deixis resolution. We perform a cross-task analysis of the systems that participated in the shared task in each of these tracks.Keywords:
Coreference
Deixis
Anaphora (linguistics)
This paper takes as its starting point the ground-breaking claims of Sir John Lyons in his work on deixis and anaphora in the 1970s and early 1980s, developing the pioneering work of Karl Buhler: in particular, the basic insight that deixis is the source of reference. Flowing from this are the claims that anaphora is derivative upon deixis, and that there is an intimate relationship holding within the world's languages between modality and deixis. Lyons's hypothesis is that this asymetrical, oriented relation between deixis and anaphora is apparent in the very functioning of discourse in context: for while anaphora serves to refer back to the intensional correlates of entities already present within a given universe of discourse, deixis is one (central) means of actually entering these discourse representations into such a universe. Taking inspiration from Lyons's conception, deixis and anaphora are conceived here as procedures for coordinating the speech participants' attention throughout the flow of text as produced within a given context to which they are party. These indexical referring procedures are by no means mutually exclusive: indeed, indexical reference is an inherently scalar phenomenon; for the continuous nature of the relation between strict deixis and strict anaphora, passing through anadeixis (a hybrid procedure type partaking of both these context-bound referring procedures) as an intermediate phase, reflects the priority of deixis over anaphora, which presupposes it both ontogenetically and phylogenetically. 'Strict' anadeictic and discourse-deictic uses both involve reference via the discourse context upstream of the occurrence of a given demonstrative expression; but while the 'strict' anadeictic function consists in simply retrieving a referent already present within a representation of the previous discourse by pointing toward it indexically, the discourse-deictic one requires the addressee or reader to operate upon a relevant contextual discourse representation in order to create a referent which was not present as such initially. Anadeictically-functioning demonstrative NPs may perform a discourse-structuring function, by heralding a transition between major discourse units within a given text. They realise this by shifting a hitherto individual-level reference from a macro-topical entity to a more generic class of referents that includes the one(s) in focus up to this point. It is the deictic property of demonstratives, coded morphologically via their proximal vs. distal character, along with the nature of the predicative component of the expression where it is a lexical NP (which as such may not correspond to presupposed information, but rather to a (re-)classifying or implictly-predicating function) which enable such expression types to perform the discourse-structuring roles at issue here.
Deixis
Anaphora (linguistics)
Indexicality
Demonstrative
Utterance
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Abstract Anaphora resolution is a key step in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and a kernel task in many language engineering applications. This paper analyses some studies of anaphora and coreference resolution in China and abroad under temporal sequence,discusses all kinds of methods and technologies mainly applying to anaphora and coreference resolution. Finally,authors briefly set forth the direction of research on Chinese anaphora and coreference resolution in the future.
Coreference
Anaphora (linguistics)
Natural language understanding
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This paper attempts a redefinition of the relation between ‘deixis’ and ‘discourse anaphora’ by paying special attention to the Spanish person system. Whereas deixis is part of the content of certain units that encode particular features of an idealized communicative situation, discourse anaphora is a reference relation. In Spanish, the distinction between first and second person forms versus those of the third person does not lie in the former being deictic and the latter anaphoric, as is often claimed, but in the nondeictic nature of the latter.
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Anaphora (linguistics)
Persona
Third person
First person
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Anaphoric reference is an aspect of language interpretation covering a variety of types of interpretation beyond the simple case of identity reference to entities introduced via nominal expressions covered by the traditional coreference task in its most recent incarnation in ONTONOTES and similar datasets. One of these cases that go beyond simple coreference is anaphoric reference to entities that must be added to the discourse model via accommodation, and in particular split-antecedent references to entities constructed out of other entities, as in split-antecedent plurals and in some cases of discourse deixis. Although this type of anaphoric reference is now annotated in many datasets, systems interpreting such references cannot be evaluated using the Reference coreference scorer Pradhan et al. (2014). As part of the work towards a new scorer for anaphoric reference able to evaluate all aspects of anaphoric interpretation in the coverage of the Universal Anaphora initiative, we propose in this paper a solution to the technical problem of generalizing existing metrics for identity anaphora so that they can also be used to score cases of split-antecedents. This is the first such proposal in the literature on anaphora or coreference, and has been successfully used to score both split-antecedent plural references and discourse deixis in the recent CODI/CRAC anaphora resolution in dialogue shared tasks.
Coreference
Anaphora (linguistics)
Plural
Deixis
TRACE (psycholinguistics)
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Deixis
Anaphora (linguistics)
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The reference of certain kinds of expression is determined in relation to features of the utterance-act: the time, the place, and the participants, i.e. those with the role of speaker or addressee. This phenomenon is known as deixis and the expressions concerned are called deictic. Examples of such expressions are given in:
Deixis
Anaphora (linguistics)
Utterance
Phenomenon
Expression (computer science)
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Deixis and anaphora respectively belong to two separate disciplines of pragmatics and text linguistics,but both can be represented by using not confirming the third personal pronouns,demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adverbs.From the pragmatic and cognitive perspectives,the relations between them can be summed up:(1) Deixis and anaphora do not repel each other,but occupy one end to commit a community;(2) Anaphora is divided into endophora and exophor while exophor can be deixical or deixical-anaphoric,and their different positions distributed in this community demonstrate a kind of complementary relation.
Deixis
Anaphora (linguistics)
Demonstrative
Commit
Text Linguistics
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Cases of coreference and bridging resolution often require knowledge about semantic relations between anaphors and antecedents. We suggest state-of-the-art neural-network classifiers trained on relation benchmarks to predict and integrate likelihoods for relations. Two experiments with representations differing in noise and complexity improve our bridging but not our coreference resolver.
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Semantic relation
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The difference between Deixis and Anaphora is a common topic nowadays. This essay begins with the definition, and then gives a clear explanation of the following terms: Deixis, Deictic, Anaphora, Anaphor and Anophoric relation. We may draw the conclusion that Deixis and Anaphora serve two interrelated but distinct functions in the system of pronouns. Deixis is primary whereas Anaphora is the variation of the former.
Deixis
Anaphora (linguistics)
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Deixis
Anaphora (linguistics)
Utterance
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