Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
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With proven efficacy of the use of immunotherapy in almost all stages of NSCLC, immunotherapy toxicity has become a very important topic that requires immediate recognition and management. The diagnosis of toxicities associated with immunotherapy in lung cancer can be very challenging and often requires multidisciplinary effort. This mini review gives an overview of the diagnosis and management of immune-related adverse events that arise from using immunotherapy in NSCLC, as well as the potential biomarkers for its early identification and future directions.Keywords:
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Immunotherapy has recently become a promising strategy for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. However, the broad implementation of cancer immunotherapy suffers from inadequate efficacy and toxic side effects. Integrating pH-responsive nanoparticles into immunotherapy is a powerful approach to tackle these challenges because they are able to target the tumor tissues and organelles of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) which have a characteristic acidic microenvironment. The spatiotemporal control of immunotherapeutic drugs using pH-responsive nanoparticles endows cancer immunotherapy with enhanced antitumor immunity and reduced off-tumor immunity. In this review, we first discuss the cancer-immunity circle and how nanoparticles can modulate the key steps in this circle. Then, we highlight the recent advances in cancer immunotherapy with pH-responsive nanoparticles and discuss the perspective for this emerging area.
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Recently, the nanotechnology-based bacterial immunotherapy emerged as a new combinatory therapeutic approach for the effective treatment of cancer, which combines the bacterial immunotherapy with nanotechnology for treating cancer. Although both bacterial immunotherapy and nanotechnology are very effective and advantageous solely, single treatment system is insufficient for complete eradication of cancer. Combining nanotechnology with bacterial immunotherapy opens new avenues for treating various diseases, abates the complication of bacterial immunotherapy, and overcomes the deficiency of both systems. Nanotechnology is helpful in targeting deep into the cancer cell due to its small size, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, and immunomodulatory activity. It also plays an important role in thermal and radio immunotherapy and cancer diagnostic. In this chapter, we highlighted the role of immunity in cancer and the role of bacteria in cancerogenesis, how bacterial immunotherapy is used in combating cancer, and how nanotechnology-based bacterial immunotherapy works on cancer regression.
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Abstract Immunotherapy has pointed out a scientific and promising direction for cancer treatment through the rouse of immunosurveillance and the decrease of possible side effects in recent years. In immunotherapy, immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD) plays a critical role in regulating anti‐cancer immune system in vivo via the release of damage‐associated molecular patterns. ICD can not only induce in situ cancer cells apoptosis, but also arouse the immune response against metastatic tumors, which is of great clinical significance to eradicate tumors. In cancer immunotherapy, polymer nanoparticles have drawn increasing attention as an important component of ICD‐based immunotherapy attributing to their controllable size, excellent biocompatibility, promising ability of protecting cargo from surrounding environment, which delivers the antigens or immune inducers to antigen‐presenting cells, and further triggers sinnvoll T cell response. In this review, the recent advances in the development of polymeric material‐based nanosystems for ICD‐mediated cancer immunotherapy are summarized. The mechanism of ICD and some current restrictions inhibiting the efficiency of immunotherapy and future prospects are also discussed.
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Cancer is a serious hazard to human health all around the world; however, many current therapies remain toxic and poor. In view of the understanding of immunology and tumor biology, cancer immunotherapy with minimal toxicity has been regarded as a promising strategy for cancer treatment because of immune surveillance. Unfortunately, the efficacy of immunotherapy was impeded and resisted due to the tumor immune evasion mechanism. Hence, targeted cancer immunotherapy has been proposed to tackle the tumor immune suppression and complexity of malignant tumor cells. Nanotechnology-based immunotherapy has improved the limitations and enhanced the therapeutic efficiency of traditional immunotherapy. This review illustrates the recent progresses in immunotherapy based on nanotechnology, and reveals that nanodevices could be utilized for active and passive cancer immunotherapy. Keywords: Cancer, immunotherapy, tumor immune surveillance, escape mechanism, nanotechnology, drug delivery.
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