Addressing Urgent Questions for PFAS in the 21st Century
Carla A. NgIan T. CousinsJamie C. DeWittJuliane GlügeGretta GoldenmanDorte HerzkeRainer LohmannMark F. MillerSharyle PattonMartin ScheringerXenia TrierZhanyun Wang
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Despite decades of research on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), fundamental obstacles remain to addressing worldwide contamination by these chemicals and their associated impacts on environmental quality and health. Here, we propose six urgent questions relevant to science, technology, and policy that must be tackled to address the "PFAS problem": (1) What are the global production volumes of PFAS, and where are PFAS used? (2) Where are the unknown PFAS hotspots in the environment? (3) How can we make measuring PFAS globally accessible? (4) How can we safely manage PFAS-containing waste? (5) How do we understand and describe the health effects of PFAS exposure? (6) Who pays the costs of PFAS contamination? The importance of each question and barriers to progress are briefly described, and several potential paths forward are proposed. Given the diversity of PFAS and their uses, the extreme persistence of most PFAS, the striking ongoing lack of fundamental information, and the inequity of the health and environmental impacts from PFAS contamination, there is a need for scientific and regulatory communities to work together, with cooperation from PFAS-related industries, to fill in critical data gaps and protect human health and the environment.The research on the relationship between meteorological conditions and human health can be summarized as:1) climate change and its impacts,2) weather and climate change and its impacts on human health,3) atmospheric pollution and human health,4) mechanisms of the effects of meteorological conditions on diseases,5) the risk assessment of environment and human health. The authors consider that it is necessary to pay attention to the following issues:1) detection of meteorological conditions and human health,2) climate change and human health,3) mechanisms of the influences of meteorological conditions on human health,4) researches on meteorological conditions and human health with numerical models,5) the risk assessment of environment and human health,6) prediction and warning of diseases,7) multi-disciplinary investigation and more organizations joining in the work of meteorological conditions and human health.
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