Ravi: An Extravert Neurotic in Kamala Markandaya's A Handful of Rice
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The term Neuroticism has its roots in Freudian Theory. The modern concept of neuroticism was introduced using a range of methods from personality psychology, including psychophysiological and lexical studies. The personality trait of neuroticism describes people who frequently are troubled by negative emotions such as worry and insecurity. People high on neuroticism can be described as those who worry, who are emotionally unstable, often anxious and have low self esteem. People who score low on this factor report being much happier. A character can be said Extravert Neurotic when depicts a behavior suggested for Choleric (extravert + neurotic) in Eysenck trait theory of personality. Such characters are active, optimistic, impulsive, changeable, excitable, aggressive, restless and touchy.Keywords:
Trait theory
Worry
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Trait
Freudian slip
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Sadness
Assertiveness
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Before turning to possible relationships between personality variables and stress it may be efficacious to attempt a brief survey of some of the theories of personality which have appeared over the years.
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Personality is the coherent patterning of affect, behavior, cognition, and desires (goals) over time and space. Just as a full blown emotion represents an integration of feeling, action, appraisal and wants at a particular time and location so does personality represent integration over time and space of these components (Ortony et al., 2005). A helpful analogy is to consider that personality is to emotion as climate is to weather. That is, what one expects is personality, what one observes at any particular moment is emotion. To understand the personality-affect link it is necessary to consider the ways in which personality may be described. Since Theophrastus’ discussion of characters and Galen’s theory of temperament (Stelmack & Stalikas, 1991), dimensional models of individual differences in personality have consistently identified three (the Giant Three, e.g., Eysenck & Eysenck (1985)) to five (the Big Five, e.g., Digman (1990)) broad dimensions of personality. Two of these dimensions, in particular, Extraversion (E) and Neuroticism (N, sometimes referred to by the other end of the dimension as Emotional Stability) have been associated with individual differences in affective level and environmental responsivity (Corr, 2008; Revelle, 1995). Ever since antiquity, starting with Galen’s classification of the four different humors, it has been assumed that individuals differ in their predisposition to experience certain emotions. Extrapolating from animal studies, E and N have been associated with the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) respectively, while distinctions between trait fear and trait anxiety have been associated with the Fight/Freeze/Flight System (FFFS) (Corr, 2008; Gray & McNaughton, 2000). Indeed, the basic assumptions of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (Corr, 2008), perhaps better labeled as Three Systems Theory, are that the stable personality traits reflect individual differences in reactivity to emotional and affectively valenced environmental cues. Descriptively, there is much literature on hysteric, neurotic, or anhedonic personalities (Kellerman, 1990), or, in more recent terminology, on trait anger, trait anxiety, or trait positive-negative affect (Spielberger et al., 1999; Tellegen et al., 1999) . These trait differences in emotionality increase the odds of experiencing trait-congruent emotions. In other words, individuals high on trait anxiety run an increased risk of experiencing anxiety bouts, individuals high on trait anger get irritated more often, and so forth. Thus, in a quasi-representative survey of everyday emotion experiences Scherer et al. (2004) showed that the emotionality dispositions may significantly increase the risk to experience certain emotions. Concretely, the more frequently respondents habitually experienced a particular kind of emotion (trait emotionality), the more likely they experienced an exemplar of that emotion category yesterday. Thus, respondents high on trait anxiety were almost three times as likely to have experienced anxiety yesterday compared to those who are low on this trait. In the case of trait sadness and trait despair, the likelihood is about two times higher. Respondents high on trait irritation are about 1.5 times more likely to have experienced anger yesterday. Similarly, respondents reporting frequent habitual pleasure, surprise, or pride experiences are also 1.5 times more likely to have experienced joy or happiness. Because some emotions occur less frequently than expected for respondents with certain habitual emotion dispositions, some types of trait emotionality might inoculate, or shield, against particular emotions. The results seem to indicate that trait pleasure may reduce the risk of despair, and that trait surprise may reduce the risk of anxiety. These results do not just reflect common responses to questionnaires, but rather reflect basic neural processes. Using functional brain mapping (e.g., fMRI), trait extraversion and neuroticism were
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This article examines the possibility that neurotic people exhibit consistent idiosyncracies of cognitive information processing. Specifically, it was hypothesized that if a subject is presented with both negative and positive information which is said to refer to the subject's personality then neurotic people should exhibit a greater than normal tendency to selectively process the self-depreciatory rather than the self-appreciatory information. An experimental investigation with both clinically neurotic and normal samples employed a variety of experimental measures in conjunction with three personality measures (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Repression-Sensitization scale, and Social Self-esteem), and provided evidence for the existence of such an association.
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Neurosis
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There are pragmatic benefits to trait-consistent mood states, especially when people are evaluating new objects within the environment (M. Tamir, M. D. Robinson, & G. L. Clore, 2002). The present studies, involving both naturally occurring (Studies 1 and 2) and manipulated (Study 3) mood states, demonstrated such trait-consistent interactions within the context of neuroticism and negative mood states. Individuals high in neuroticism were faster to make evaluations when in a negative mood state like sadness. By contrast, individuals low in neuroticism were faster to make evaluations when in a neutral mood state. The present studies demonstrate that although negative mood states are hedonically unpleasant, they can be beneficial in some ways for individuals high in neuroticism.
Trait
Sadness
Trait theory
Affect
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Narcissistic personality disorder
Grandiosity
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A relationship between neurotic tendency and introversion has been around since 1924 insofar as test instruments are concerned (we are not concerned herein with speculation per se). Does it still persist? The writer has recently found a significant relationship between Eysenck's main scales for these tendencies which persists despite Eysenck's efforts to obtain scale independence. Similarly, Comrey, who has developed more recent measures of introversion and neuroticism, reports a correlation of .41. We need to know more about the components of sociability-directed scales for extraversion-introversion as well as about bridging factors such as inferiority.
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
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Neurotic and expressive hostility were evaluated from the perspective of the five-.factor model of personality. Sixty-five male and 105 female students (mean age = 25.0 years). A public university completed the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the revised NEO Personality Inventory. and measures of stress and depression, Correlations were computed between the hostility measures and personaliry domains and facets. Profiles of participants classified into neurotic and expressive: hostility groups were also produced using 7 scores based on normative sampies. The results suggest that neumcically hostile individuals view others as distrustful. the world as threatening. and themselves as unable to cope. They experience frequent negative affect, including unexpressed anger. Expressive hostility predicts direct ,and positive engagement of the environment and others, hut also a readiness to express anger in response to conflict. The lack of association between neurotic hostility and objective health problems may be due, in part, to an absence of exaggerated behavioral and physiological responses to stressers, whereas the positive association between expressive hostility and heart disease may result partly from frequent and intense behavioral engagement and accompanying physiological arousal.
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Viewpoints
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Introduction . Today, the addiction is considered as biological-psychological-social disease and numerous factors are effective in tendency to narcotics abuse.about individual factors, we can suggest the relationship between personality types and narcotics abuse. Objective The aim of present study is the investigation of relationship between personality types (introvert-extravert) and people's tendency to narcotics addiction. Method In this study, statistical population is all of male- addicts in Babolsar city. Of these, 100 persons are selected as sample of study by sample random sampling from withdrawl addiction centers and camps in Babolsar city. Results The results show that: it is significant relationship between people's high scores in both groups of personality types (introvert - extravert) and people's tendency to narcotics addiction so that, however people's scores are high in both groups of personality types (Introvert - extravert), to the same extent, there is probability of tendency to narcotics addiction. Discussion Almost, in all of the studies about addiction, personality characteristics are as factors that cause person's addiction. Also, lack of development of personality is considered as an important factor. Among personality eminent characteristics, Introversion-extraversion can be as variable and important factor in tendency to narcotics addiction.
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