Planck 2013 results. XXIX. The Planck catalogueof Sunyaev-Zeldovich sources
P. A. R. AdeN. AghanimC. Armitage-CaplanM. ArnaudM. AshdownF. Atrio‐BarandelaJ. AumontH. AusselC. BaccigalupiA. J. BandayR. B. BarreiroR. BarrenaMatthias BartelmannJ. G. BartlettE. BattanerK. BenabedA. Benoı̂tA. Benoit-LévyJ. P. BernardM. BersanelliP. BielewiczI. BikmaevJ. BobinJ. J. BockH. BöhringerA. BonaldiJ. R. BondJ. BorrillF. R. BouchetM. BridgesM. BucherR. BureninC. BuriganaR. C. ButlerJ.-F. CardosoP. CarvalhoA. CatalanoA. ChallinorA. ChamballuRanga‐Ram CharyX. ChenH. C. ChiangL.-Y ChiangG. ChonP. R. ChristensenE. ChurazovSarah E. ChurchD. L. ClementsS. ColombiL. P. L. ColomboB. ComisF. CouchotA. CoulaisB. P. CrillA. CurtoF. CuttaiaA. Da SilvaH. DahleL. DaneseR. D. DaviesR. J. DavisP. de BernardisA. de RosaG. de ZottiG. de ZottiJ.-M. DelouisJ. DémoclèsF.–X. DésertC. DickinsonJ. M. DiegoK. DolagH. DoleS. DonzelliO. DoréM. DouspisX. DupacG. EfstathiouP. EisenhardtT. A. EnßlinH. K. EriksenF. FerozF. Finelli⋆I. Flores-CachoO. ForniM. FrailisE. FranceschiS. FromenteauS. GaleottaK. GangaR. T. Génova-SantosM. GiardG. GiardinoM. GilfanovY. Giraud–HéraudJ. González-NuevoK. M. GórskiK. GraingeS. GrattonA. GregorioN. E. GroeneboomA. GruppusoF. K. HansenD. HansonD. L. HarrisonA. HempelS. Henrot–VersilléC. Hernández-MonteagudoD. HerranzS. R. HildebrandtE. HivonM. HobsonW. A. HolmesA. HornstrupW. HovestK. M. HuffenbergerG. HurierN. Hurley‐WalkerA. H. JaffeT. R. JaffeW. C. JonesM. JuvelaE. KeihänenR. KeskitaloI. KhamitovT. S. KisnerR. KneißlJ. KnocheL. KnoxM. KunzH. Kurki‐SuonioG. LagacheA. LähteenmäkiJ.‐M. LamarreA. LasenbyR. J. LaureijsC. R. LawrenceJ. P. LeahyR. LeonardiJ. León-TavaresJ. LesgourguesC. LiAndrew R. LiddleM. LiguoriP. B. LiljeM. Linden-VørnleM. López-CaniegoP. M. LubinJ. F. Macías–PérezC. J. MacTavishB. MaffeiD. MainoN. MandolesiM. MarisD. J. MarshallP. G. MartinE. Martínez-GonzálezS. MasiM. MassardiS. MatarreseF. MatthaiP. MazzottaS. MeiP. R. MeinholdA. MelchiorriJ.-B. MelinL. MendesA. MennellaM. MigliaccioK. MikkelsenSourav MitraM.-A. Miville-DeschênesA. MonetiL. MontierG. MorganteD. MortlockD. MunshiJ. A. MurphyP. NaselskyF. NatiP. NatoliN. P. H. NesvadbaC. B. NetterfieldH. U. Nørgaard-NielsenF. NovielloD. NovikovI. NovikovI. J. O’DwyerM. OlamaieS. OsborneC. A. OxborrowF. PaciL. PaganoF. PajotD. PaolettiF. PasianG. PatanchonT. J. PearsonO. PerdereauL. PerottoY. C. PerrottF. PerrottaF. PiacentiniM. PiatE. PierpaoliD. PietrobonS. PlaszczynskiÉ. PointecouteauG. PolentaN. PonthieuL. PopaT. PoutanenG. W. PrattG. PrézeauS. PrunetJ.‐L. PugetJ. P. RachenW. T. ReachR. RéboloM. ReineckeM. RemazeillesC. RenaultS. RicciardiT. RillerI. RistorcelliG. RochaC. RossetG. RoudierM. Rowan-RobinsonJ. A. Rubiño-MartínC. RumseyB. RusholmeM. SandriD. SantosRichard D. E. SaundersG. SaviniM. P. SchammelD. ScottSeiffertE. P. S. ShellardT. W. ShimwellL. D. SpencerS.A. StanfordJean‐Luc StarckV. StolyarovR. StomporR. SudiwalaR. SunyaevF. SureauD. SuttonA.-S. Suur-UskiJ.-F. SygnetJ. A. TauberD. TavagnaccoL. TerenziL. ToffolattiM. TomasiM. TristramM. TucciJ. TuovinenM. TürlerG. UmanaL. ValenzianoJ. VäliviitaB. Van TentL. VibertP. VielvaF. VillaN. VittorioL. A. WadeB. D. WandeltM. J. WhiteS. D. M. WhiteD. YvonA. ZaccheiA. Zonca
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We describe the all-sky Planck catalogue of clusters and cluster candidates derived from Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect detections using the first 15.5 months of Planck satellite observations. The catalogue contains 1227 entries, making it over six times the size of the Planck Early SZ (ESZ) sample and the largest SZ-selected catalogue to date. It contains 861 confirmed clusters, of which 178 have been confirmed as clusters, mostly through follow-up observations, and a further 683 are previously-known clusters. The remaining 366 have the status of cluster candidates, and we divide them into three classes according to the quality of evidence that they are likely to be true clusters. The Planck SZ catalogue is the deepest all-sky cluster catalogue, with redshifts up to about one, and spans the broadest cluster mass range from (0.1 to 1.6) × 1015 M⊙. Confirmation of cluster candidates through comparison with existing surveys or cluster catalogues is extensively described, as is the statistical characterization of the catalogue in terms of completeness and statistical reliability. The outputs of the validation process are provided as additional information. This gives, in particular, an ensemble of 813 cluster redshifts, and for all these Planck clusters we also include a mass estimated from a newly-proposed SZ-mass proxy. A refined measure of the SZ Compton parameter for the clusters with X-ray counter-parts is provided, as is an X-ray flux for all the Planck clusters not previously detected in X-ray surveys.Keywords:
Planck energy
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We present the XMM-Newton follow-up for confirmation of Planck cluster candidates. Twenty-five candidates have been observed to date using snapshot (~10 ksec) exposures, ten as part of a pilot programme to sample a low range of signal-to-noise ratios (45 candidates. The sensitivity and spatial resolution of XMM-Newton allows unambiguous discrimination between clusters and false candidates. The 4 false candidates have S/N <= 4.1. A total of 21 candidates are confirmed as extended X-ray sources. Seventeen are single clusters, the majority of which are found to have highly irregular and disturbed morphologies (about ~70%). The remaining four sources are multiple systems, including the unexpected discovery of a supercluster at z=0.45. For 20 sources we are able to derive a redshift estimate from the X-ray Fe K line (albeit of variable quality). The new clusters span the redshift range 0.09 <= z <= 0.54, with a median redshift of z~0.37. A first determination is made of their X-ray properties including the characteristic size, which is used to improve the estimate of the SZ Compton parameter, Y_SZ. The follow-up validation programme has helped to optimise the Planck candidate selection process. It has also provided a preview of the X-ray properties of these newly-discovered clusters, allowing comparison with their SZ properties, and to the X-ray and SZ properties of known clusters observed in the Planck survey. Our results suggest that Planck may have started to reveal a non-negligible population of massive dynamically perturbed objects that is under-represented in X-ray surveys. However, despite their particular properties, these new clusters appear to follow the Y_SZ-Y_X relation established for X-ray selected objects, where Y_X is the product of the gas mass and temperature.
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Abstract The Planck satellite has surveyed the whole sky more than four times. The nominal mission of two all‐sky surveys will be released to the public in 2013. From the first all‐sky survey, we have demonstrated the ability to detect clusters via the Sunyaev‐Zel'dovich effect with high reliability and out to large redshifts. We have released the first large sample of 189 high signal‐to‐noise SZ clusters. We also presented the detection of 45 new Planck clusters, confirmed in X‐ray with the XMM‐ Newton satellite. The Planck collaboration is engaged in a massive identification and follow‐up programme of its SZ sources at X‐ray, optical, and SZ wavelengths. Dedicated cluster studies are also conducted by the consortium in order to better constrain the scaling and structural properties of the cluster population. We have thus provided high precision calibration of scaling relation between the SZ signal and the clusters physical quantities. The excellent agreement found between SZ and X‐ray measurements have demonstrated our good understanding of the hot intra‐cluster gas at least within R500. These results together with those from other operating SZ instruments are shading new light on our understanding of the most massive bound structure of the Universe. With its whole sky reach and unprecedented frequency coverage, the Planck mission is a crucial asset to these endeavours. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
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We present the all-sky Planck catalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) sources detected from the 29 month full-mission data. The catalogue (PSZ2) is the largest SZ-selected sample of galaxy clusters yet produced and the deepest all-sky catalogue of galaxy clusters. It contains 1653 detections, of which 1203 are confirmed clusters with identified counterparts in external data-sets, and is the first SZ-selected cluster survey containing > $10^3$ confirmed clusters. We present a detailed analysis of the survey selection function in terms of its completeness and statistical reliability, placing a lower limit of 83% on the purity. Using simulations, we find that the Y5R500 estimates are robust to pressure-profile variation and beam systematics, but accurate conversion to Y500 requires. the use of prior information on the cluster extent. We describe the multi-wavelength search for counterparts in ancillary data, which makes use of radio, microwave, infra-red, optical and X-ray data-sets, and which places emphasis on the robustness of the counterpart match. We discuss the physical properties of the new sample and identify a population of low-redshift X-ray under- luminous clusters revealed by SZ selection. These objects appear in optical and SZ surveys with consistent properties for their mass, but are almost absent from ROSAT X-ray selected samples.
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We identify new clusters and characterize previously unknown Planck Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) sources from the first Planck catalogue of SZ sources (PSZ1). The results presented here correspond to an optical follow-up observational programme developed during approximately one year (2014) at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, using the 2.5m Isaac Newton telescope, the 3.5m Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, the 4.2m William Herschel telescope and the 10.4m Gran Telescopio Canarias. We characterize 115 new PSZ1 sources using deep optical imaging and spectroscopy. We adopt robust criteria in order to consolidate the SZ counterparts by analysing the optical richness, the 2D galaxy distribution, and velocity dispersions of clusters. Confirmed counterparts are considered to be validated if they are rich structures, well aligned with the Planck PSZ1 coordinate and show relatively high velocity dispersion. Following this classification, we confirm 53 clusters, which means that 46% of this PSZ1 subsample has been validated and characterized with this technique. Sixty-two SZ sources (54% of this PSZ1 subset) remain unconfirmed. In addition, we find that the fraction of unconfirmed clusters close to the galactic plane (at |b|<25deg) is greater than that at higher galactic latitudes (|b|>25deg), which indicates contamination produced by radio emission of galactic dust and gas clouds on these SZ detections. In fact, in the majority of the cases, we detect important galactic cirrus in the optical images, mainly in the SZ target located at low galactic latitudes, which supports this hypothesis.
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Surveys based on the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) effect provide a fresh view of the galaxy cluster population, one that is complementary to X-ray surveys. To better understand the relation between these two kinds of survey, we construct an empirical cluster model using scaling relations constrained by current X-ray and SZ data. We apply our model to predict the X-ray properties of the Planck SZ Cluster Catalog (PCC) and compare them to existing X-ray cluster catalogs. We find that Planck should significantly extend the depth of the previous all-sky cluster survey, performed in the early 1990s by the ROSAT satellite, and should be particularly effective at finding hot, massive clusters (T > 6 keV) out to redshift unity. These are rare objects, and our findings suggest that Planck could increase the observational sample at z > 0.6 by an order of magnitude. This would open the way for detailed studies of massive clusters out to these higher redshifts. Specifically, we find that the majority of newly-detected Planck clusters should have X-ray fluxes 10-13 erg/s/cm2 < fX [0.5−2 keV] < 10-12 erg/s/cm2, i.e., distributed over the decade in flux just below the ROSAT All Sky Survey limit. This is sufficiently bright for extensive X-ray follow-up campaigns. Once Planck finds these objects, XMM-Newton and Chandra could measure temperatures to 10% for a sample of ~100 clusters in the range 0.5 < z < 1, a valuable increase in the number of massive clusters studied over this range.
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The combination of X-ray and SZ observations can potentially improve the cluster detection efficiency when compared to using only one of these probes, since both probe the same medium: the hot ionized gas of the intra-cluster medium. We present a method based on matched multifrequency filters (MMF) for detecting galaxy clusters from SZ and X-ray surveys. This method builds on a previously proposed joint X-ray-SZ extraction method (Tarr\'io et al. 2016) and allows to blindly detect clusters, that is finding new clusters without knowing their position, size or redshift, by searching on SZ and X-ray maps simultaneously. The proposed method is tested using data from the ROSAT all-sky survey and from the Planck survey. The evaluation is done by comparison with existing cluster catalogues in the area of the sky covered by the deep SPT survey. Thanks to the addition of the X-ray information, the joint detection method is able to achieve simultaneously better purity, better detection efficiency and better position accuracy than its predecessor Planck MMF, which is based on SZ maps only. For a purity of 85%, the X-ray-SZ method detects 141 confirmed clusters in the SPT region, whereas to detect the same number of confirmed clusters with Planck MMF, we would need to decrease its purity to 70%. We provide a catalogue of 225 sources selected by the proposed method in the SPT footprint, with masses ranging between 0.7 and 14.5 $\cdot 10^{14}$ Msun and redshifts between 0.01 and 1.2.
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The Planck catalogues of SZ sources, PSZ1 and PSZ2, are the largest catalogues of galaxy clusters selected through their SZ signature in the full sky. In 2013, we started a long-term observational program at Canary Island observatories with the aim of validating about 500 unconfirmed SZ sources. In this work we present results of the initial pre-screening of possible cluster counterparts using photometric and spectroscopic data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR12. Our main aim is to identify previously unconfirmed PSZ2 cluster candidates and to contribute in determination of the actual purity and completeness of Planck SZ source sample. Using the latest version of the PSZ2 catalogue, we select all sources overlapping with the SDSS DR12 footprint and without redshift information. We validate these cluster fields following optical criteria (mainly distance with respect to the Planck pointing, magnitude of the brightest cluster galaxy and cluster richness) and combining them with the profiles of the Planck Compton y-maps. Together, this procedure allows for a more robust identification of optical counterparts compared to simply cross-matching with existing SDSS cluster catalogues that have been constructed from earlier SDSS Data Releases. The sample contains new redshifts for 37 Planck galaxy clusters that were not included in the original release of PSZ2 Planck catalogue. We detect three cases as possible multiple counterparts. We show that a combination of all available information (optical images and profile of SZ signal) can provide correct associations between the observed Planck SZ source and the optically identified cluster. We also show that Planck SZ detection is very sensitive even to high-z (z>0.5) clusters. In addition, we also present updated spectroscopic information for 34 Planck PSZ1 sources (33 previously photometrically confirmed and 1 new identification).
Characterization
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We describe the all-sky Planck catalogue of clusters and cluster candidates derived from Sunyaev--Zeldovich (SZ) effect detections using the first 15.5 months of Planck satellite observations. The catalogue contains 1227 entries, making it over six times the size of the Planck Early SZ (ESZ) sample and the largest SZ-selected catalogue to date. It contains 861 confirmed clusters, of which 178 have been confirmed as clusters, mostly through follow-up observations, and a further 683 are previously-known clusters. The remaining 366 have the status of cluster candidates, and we divide them into three classes according to the quality of evidence that they are likely to be true clusters. The Planck SZ catalogue is the deepest all-sky cluster catalogue, with redshifts up to about one, and spans the broadest cluster mass range from (0.1 to 1.6) 10^{15}Msun. Confirmation of cluster candidates through comparison with existing surveys or cluster catalogues is extensively described, as is the statistical characterization of the catalogue in terms of completeness and statistical reliability. The outputs of the validation process are provided as additional information. This gives, in particular, an ensemble of 813 cluster redshifts, and for all these Planck clusters we also include a mass estimated from a newly-proposed SZ-mass proxy. A refined measure of the SZ Compton parameter for the clusters with X-ray counter-parts is provided, as is an X-ray flux for all the Planck clusters not previously detected in X-ray surveys.
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We present South Pole Telescope (SPT) observations of the five galaxy cluster candidates in the southern hemisphere which were reported as unconfirmed in the Planck Early Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (ESZ) sample. One cluster candidate, PLCKESZ G255.62-46.16, is located in the 2500-square-degree SPT SZ survey region and was reported previously as SPT-CL J0411-4819. For the remaining four candidates, which are located outside of the SPT SZ survey region, we performed short, dedicated SPT observations. Each of these four candidates was strongly detected in maps made from these observations, with signal-to-noise ratios ranging from 6.3 to 13.8. We have observed these four candidates on the Magellan-Baade telescope and used these data to estimate cluster redshifts from the red sequence. Resulting redshifts range from 0.24 to 0.46. We report measurements of Y_0.75', the integrated Comptonization within a 0.75' radius, for all five candidates. We also report X-ray luminosities calculated from ROSAT All-Sky Survey catalog counts, as well as optical and improved SZ coordinates for each candidate. The combination of SPT SZ measurements, optical red-sequence measurements, and X-ray luminosity estimates demonstrates that these five Planck ESZ cluster candidates do indeed correspond to real galaxy clusters with redshifts and observable properties consistent with the rest of the ESZ sample.
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Context. Cosmological probes based on galaxy clusters rely on cluster number counts and large-scale structure information. X-ray cluster surveys are well suited for this purpose because they are far less affected by projection effects than optical surveys, and cluster properties can be predicted with good accuracy. Aims. The XMM Cluster Archive Super Survey, X-CLASS, is a serendipitous search of X-ray-detected galaxy clusters in 4176 XMM-Newton archival observations until August 2015. All observations are clipped to exposure times of 10 and 20 ks to obtain uniformity, and they span ∼269 deg 2 across the high-Galactic latitude sky (| b | > 20°). The main goal of the survey is the compilation of a well-selected cluster sample suitable for cosmological analyses. Methods. We describe the detection algorithm, the visual inspection, the verification process, and the redshift validation of the cluster sample, as well as the cluster selection function computed by simulations. We also present the various metadata that are released with the catalogue, along with two different count-rate measurements, an automatic one provided by the pipeline, and a more detailed and accurate interactive measurement. Furthermore, we provide the redshifts of 124 clusters obtained with a dedicated multi-object spectroscopic follow-up programme. Results. With this publication, we release the new X-CLASS catalogue of 1646 well-selected X-ray-detected clusters over a wide sky area, along with their selection function. The sample spans a wide redshift range, from the local Universe up to z ∼ 1.5, with 982 spectroscopically confirmed clusters, and over 70 clusters above z = 0.8. The redshift distribution peaks at z ∼ 0.1, while if we remove the pointed observations it peaks at z ∼ 0.3. Because of its homogeneous selection and thorough verification, the cluster sample can be used for cosmological analyses, but also as a test-bed for the upcoming eROSITA observations and other current and future large-area cluster surveys. It is the first time that such a catalogue is made available to the community via an interactive database which gives access to a wealth of supplementary information, images, and data.
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