Effects of Fatigue on Footstrike in Recreational Runners
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PURPOSE: Speculation exists that exercise experience influences psychophysiological responses to self-paced exercise. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare physiological, exertional, and affective responses to exercise at a self-selected pace between runners and non-runners. METHODS: Fourteen endurance runners (age: 29.2 ± 7.3 yr, body mass: 66.3 ± 6.9 kg, O2max: 63.9 ± 3.4 ml.kg-1.min-1) and fourteen recreationally active subjects performing no systematic running (age: 28.4 ± 4.0 yr, body mass: 77.3 ± 7.9 kg, VO2max: 49.6 ± 6.4 ml.kg-1.min-1) were recruited. Each participant performed a maximal graded treadmill test and a 20-min exercise bout at a self-selected pace on treadmill. Physiological responses (oxygen uptake, VO2) were continuously measured throughout the 20-min self-paced exercise bout, whereas exertional (OMNI-Walk/Run RPE Scale) and affective (Feeling Scale, Hardy & Rejeski, 1989) responses were assessed every 5 min. interval. An ANOVA with repeated measures was used to examine group differences in psychophysiological responses during the 20-min treadmill exercise bout at a self-selected pace. RESULTS: Runners self-selected a faster treadmill speed than non-runners (14.0 ± 1.2 vs 9.0 ± 0.9 km.hr-1, respectively; P < 0.05). However, physiological responses relative to ventilatory threshold (89.5 ± 15.2 vs 93.5 ± 12.7 %VO2 at-VT) as well as exertional responses (4.3 ± 1.7 vs 4.7 ± 1.4 for runners and non-runners, respectively) to self-paced exercise did not differ between the groups. Conversely, runners exhibited more positive affective responses to self-paced exercise than non-runners (2.3 ± 2.0 vs 1.5 ± 2.1, respectively; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that physiological and exertional responses, but not affective responses, to exercise at a self-selected pace are similar between runners and non-runners. These findings reinforces the idea that exercise experience may positively impact pleasure during self-paced exercise bouts.
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This systematic review aimed to critically analyze the literature to determine how high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) affects recreational endurance runners in the short- and long-term.Electronic databases were searched for literature dating from January 2000 to October 2015. The search was conducted using the key words "high-intensity intermittent training" or "high-intensity interval exercise" or "interval running" or "sprint interval training" and "endurance runners" or "long distance runners". A systematic approach was used to evaluate the 783 articles identified for initial review. Studies were included if they investigated HIIT in recreational endurance runners. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (for intervention studies) and the modified Downs and Black Quality Index (for cross-sectional studies).Twenty-three studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. The results are presented in 2 parts: cross-sectional (n = 15) and intervention studies (n = 8). In the 15 cross-sectional studies selected, endurance runners performed at least 1 HIIT protocol, and the acute impact on physiological, neuromuscular, metabolic and/or biomechanical variables was assessed. Intervention studies lasted a minimum of 4 weeks, with 10 weeks being the longest intervention period, and included 2 to 4 HIIT sessions per week. Most of these studies combined HIIT sessions with continuous run (CR) sessions; 2 studies' subjects performed HIIT exclusively.HIIT-based running plans (2 to 3 HIIT sessions per week, combining HIIT and CR runs) show athletic performance improvements in endurance runners by improving maximal oxygen uptake and running economy along with muscular and metabolic adaptations. To maximize the adaptations to training, both HIIT and CR must be part of training programs for endurance runners.
High-Intensity Interval Training
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Numerous studies over the last decade have shown a relationship between countermovement vertical-jump (VJ) performance and training load in both competitive team-sport athletes as well as in elite runners. As such, VJ performance serves as a marker of neuromuscular fatigue. However, less clear is the degree to which this relationship persists in non-elite, recreational ‘run’ athletes. ‘Jump Test’ is a footwear-integrated self-testing utility that measures and analyses repeated-VJ performance. PURPOSE: To determine how repeated-VJ performance, as measured before each training bout by average flight time and monitored via ‘Jump Test’, varies with training load in recreational ‘run’ athletes over a six-week period. METHOD: Eleven moderately trained (1-6 runs/week, 10-60 miles/week, >3 months) subjects (2F, 9M; 33.6 +/- 4.5 years) were enrolled voluntarily. Subjects followed a six-week training program devised to impose significant training loads that could be deemed counter-productive to performance (i.e. induce over-reaching if not over-training). Training was divided into three 2-week phases: baseline training (BL), overload training (OL), and active recovery (AR). Each weekday subjects performed the ‘Jump Test’ and rated their perceived level of muscle soreness. Training data was collected and analyzed via the mobile application MapMyRun. Chronic and acute training loads were computed. Training phase comparisons were made using paired T-tests. RESULTS: VJ performance decreased progressively throughout the first week of OL (z-score, -0.2 +/-1.0, OL vs 0.3 +/-0.8, BL; p < 0.01). Furthermore, reduced jump scores correlated with an increase in chronic training load (5.8 +/-3.8, OL vs. 3.1 +/-2.5, BL r = -0.45, p < 0.01) and an overall increase in subjects’ self-reported muscle soreness (2.7 +/- 0.9, OL vs. 3.4 +/-1.0, BL; r = 0.3, p < 0.01) during that week. CONCLUSION: Pre-workout, repeated-VJ performance was measured with a shoe-borne, jump-testing utility in recreational athletes over six weeks of variable training load. It was found VJ performance fluctuates with training load and perceived muscle soreness. The close relationship demonstrated between jump scores and self-reported measures suggests ‘Jump Test’ is a practical tool for monitoring neuromuscular fatigue and informing training load.
Vertical jump
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Endurance Training
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Every physical activity must cause fatigue because it involves the body's moving components, one of the biological signs of this fatigue can be seen from the accumulation of blood lactate in the body.Hiking, rafting, and jogging are recreational sports.Each type of sport has its own training needs following the movements performed and exercises in recreational sports are carried out to avoid the risk of injury that can occur.The level of fatigue and injury in hiking, rafting, and jogging shows different graphs.To achieve certain achievements one must train harder.While recreational sports only need to practice to master the movements to be performed and avoid the risk of injury.Both types of exercise provide the same effect, namely fatigue.There is no specific sign of fatigue that occurs in recreational sports because training for achievement sports and recreation is not much different
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California State Polytechnic University, Sportsmedicine Research Clinic, Pomona, California 91786—4079
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe differences a variety of physiological variables between elite and recreational female runners. METHODS: After signing an informed consent approved by the University of Central Missouri Institutional Review Board, 9 female runners were divided into 2 groups based on personal competitive objectives, elite (E) n=5, or recreational (REC) n=4. Elite runners were (21.6 yrs, 165.1 cm, 52.5 kg) and recreational runners (21.8 yrs, 162.8 cm, 55.2 kg). The E group consisted of collegiate and professional runners and the REC group consisted of competitive runners who run at least 30 min/d most days of the week. All participants performed a maximal treadmill test to determine VO2max. An Individual 3 min stage running protocol for each group was designed to elicit maximum oxygen uptake within 12-13 min. During the test, blood was analyzed using a Lactate Scout analyzer for lactate concentration at approximately 1.5 min. intervals. The participant's perceived exertion using the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale (RPE) values was recorded at the time of each blood draw. RESULTS: Significance was set at p < 0.05. Means were compared between groups and no differences were noted for heart rate maximum (E =197 bpm, REC=193 bpm), lactate threshold (LT) expressed as a percent of VO2max (E=86%, REC= 86%), lactate concentration (mMol/L) at LT (E=4.4, REC=4.1), RPE at LT (E=16, REC=14), or VO2max (ml/kg/min) (E=57.5, REC=49.4). Differences were observed in body fat percent (E=15, REC=24) and heart rate at LT (TR=191bpm, REC=183bpm). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that of the variables observed in this study, the only physiological differences between elite and recreational female runners are body composition and heart rate at LT. However, a larger sample size may have revealed other statistically significant differences as trends in some of the variables approached the point of significance. Supported by Summer Scholars Program
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