Standardized terminology and visual atlas of the external morphology and terminalia for the genusScaptomyza(Diptera: Drosophilidae)
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The genus Scaptomyza is one of the two Drosophilidae genera with Hawaiian endemic species. This genus is an excellent model for biogeographic studies since it is distributed throughout the majority of continents, including continental islands, the Hawaiian Islands, and many other remote oceanic islands. This genus currently comprises 273 described species, 148 of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. However, most descriptions were published before efforts to standardizing the morphological terminology across the Diptera were made in the 1980's. Since research groups developed their own set of terminologies independently, without considering homologies, multiple terms have been used to refer to the same characters. This is especially true for the male terminalia, which have remarkable modifications within the family Drosophilidae. We reviewed the Scaptomyza literature, in addition to other studies across the Drosophilidae and Diptera, compiled the English synonyms, and provided a visual atlas of each body part, indicating how to recognize the morphological characters. The goal of the present study is to facilitate species identification and propose preferred terms to be adopted for future Scaptomyza descriptions.This paper elaborates on the personal reflections about the implementation of terminology education.It is reflected on the issues relating to the definition of the terminology education,what is terminology awareness and why do we implement terminology education and how do we develop it.These are the key questions that must be answered firstly before launching the terminology education in Chinese universities.
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The new Afrotropical genus and type species Hamecamyia stuckenbergi gen. et sp. n. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), from KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, are described and figured. Characters are provided to differentiate this new genus from other Afrotropical chamaemyiids. Discussion is provided comparing this new genus to Parochthiphila Czerny, 1904, and an apparently unique (in Chamaemyiidae) set of characteristics of the female terminalia is described, figured and discussed.
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Drosophila butantan sp. nov., a species belonging to the guarani group and closely related to Drosophila nigrifemur from Bolivia, is described based on a female, and some of its offspring, collected at the forest reserve of the Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária "Armando de Salles Oliveira", São Paulo City, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Although externally similar, the two apparently forest-dwelling species can be told apart by having distinct oviscapt valves and spermathecal introverts and tips. Accordingly, a proposal is made to also include D. nigrifemur, a previously unassigned species, in the guarani group. The two species seem to be also related to Drosophila alexandrei and Drosophila guaraja as indicated by their external morphology, their elongate spermathecae and the not so sharply pointed oviscapt valves. The karyotypes of the new species differ from those described for D. alexandrei and D. guaraja, while those of D. nigrifemur remain still unknown. Photomicrographs of the male and female imagines, in addition to drawings and photos of their terminalia, are also included.
Spermatheca
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Terminalia bellirica is a traditionally used medicinal plant claimed to possess antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity. The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic activity of the fruits and leaves of Terminalia bellirica. The in vitro alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase activity of different extracts of Terminalia bellirica was also determined. From the results, it is clear that the acetone extract of both the fruits and leaves of Terminalia bellirica shows strong inhibitory activity against alpha amylase and the aqueous extract of fruits and leaves of Terminalia bellirica were found to exhibit highest alpha glucosidase activity. The results obtained in the present study indicated that the Terminalia bellirica could be used for treating diabetes mellitus. Key words : Terminalia bellirica, antidiabetic, alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase.
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A new species belonging to the previously monotypic steganine genus Mayagueza Wheeler, 1960 (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is described. The new species, Mayagueza lopesi sp. nov., was collected in the Brazilian Cerrado. This is the first record of this genus for South America, and the description of the new species, based on male and female adult specimens, includes photographs and detailed illustrations of male and female terminalia.
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Abstract: With the present paper we intend to explore the benefits of terminology centres in managing terminology, more specifically, computer science terminology. Our analysis is focused on the "Terminology Information and Research Centre" (Centrul de Informare şi Cercetare Terminologicâ – C.I.C.T) developed within the Department of Computer Science at the Politehnica University of Timisoara.
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Russian terminology school is one of the earliest and the most famous schools in the world. Apart from a great number of achievements in the terminology research, this school attaches great importance to terminology teaching. Its terminology courses brought up groups of terminology personnel, which has given impetus to the terminology theory research.
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Terminalia chebula
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Zygothrica (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an almost entirely Neotropical genus, with thirteen species found in other biogeographical regions. The genus includes around 130 valid species, of which 54 occur in Brazil. There have been no new descriptions of species of this genus since the 1987s, although a large number of undescribed species are recognized in entomological collections. Here, three species of Zygothrica Wiedemann (1830) are described from Brazil, and figures are presented for external morphology and terminalia.
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