2D Piezoelectric Bi2MoO6 Nanoribbons for GSH‐Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy
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Abstract Reducing the scavenging capacity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elevating ROS production are two primary goals of developing novel sonosensitizers for sonodynamic therapy (SDT). Hence, ultrathin 2D Bi 2 MoO 6 –poly(ethylene glycol) nanoribbons (BMO NRs) are designed as piezoelectric sonosensitizers for glutathione (GSH)‐enhanced SDT. In cancer cells, BMO NRs can consume endogenous GSH to disrupt redox homeostasis, and the GSH‐activated BMO NRs (GBMO) exhibit an oxygen‐deficient structure, which can promote the separation of electron–hole pairs, thereby enhancing the efficiency of ROS production in SDT. The ultrathin GBMO NRs are piezoelectric, in which ultrasonic waves introduce mechanical strain to the nanoribbons, resulting in piezoelectric polarization and band tilting, thus accelerating toxic ROS production. The as‐synthesized BMO NRs enable excellent computed tomography imaging of tumors and significant tumor suppression in vitro and in vivo. A piezoelectric Bi 2 MoO 6 sonosensitizer‐mediated two‐step enhancement SDT process, which is activated by endogenous GSH and amplified by exogenous ultrasound, is proposed. This process not only provides new options for improving SDT but also broadens the application of 2D piezoelectric materials as sonosensitizers in SDT.Keywords:
Sonodynamic therapy
Several recent studies bring evidence of cell death enhancement in photodynamic compound loaded cells by ultrasonic treatment. There are a number of hypotheses suggesting the mechanism of the harmful ultrasonic effect. One of them considers a process in the activation of photosensitizers by ultrasonic energy. Because the basis of the photodynamic damaging effect on cells consists in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we focused our study on whether the ultrasound can increase ROS production within cancer cells. Particularly, we studied ROS formation in ultrasound pretreated breast adenocarcinoma cells during photodynamic therapy in the presence of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine disulfonate (ClAlPcS2). Production of ROS was investigated by the molecular probe CM-H2DCFDA. Our results show that ClAlPcS2 induces higher ROS production in the ultrasound pretreated cell lines at a concentration of 100 microM and light intensity of 2 mW/cm2. We also observed a dependence of ROS production on photosensitizer concentration and light dose. These results demonstrate that the photodynamic effect on breast cancer cells can be enhanced by ultrasound pretreatment.
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Sonodynamic therapy for malignant tumours has gained much attention for its deep penetration effect and efficient tumour killing ability. The design, modification, and utilization of sonosensitizers are important aspects of sonodynamic therapy. As an essential factor in this process, highly effective sonosensitizers should be developed to facilitate the clinical applications of sonodynamic therapy. This review takes porphyrin- and titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based systems as representative organic and inorganic sonosensitizers respectively, and summarizes their characteristics and biological effects as sonodynamic therapy. Upon discovery of novel sonosensitizers, sonodynamic therapy becomes an efficient means of adjuvant therapy for the treatment of malignant tumours.
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Abstract Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a newly developed anticancer treatment where ultrasound is used to trigger the cytotoxic effect of chemical compounds, known as sonosensitizers. Although SDT is similar to photodynamic therapy (PDT), SDT activates the chemical compounds through energy transfer using ultrasound rather than light. Moreover, SDT can focus the ultrasound energy onto malignant sites situa\xadted deeply within tissues, thus overcoming the main drawback linked to the use of PDT. Several physical and chemical mechanisms underlying ultrasound bioeffects and anticancer SDT take advantage of the non-thermal effect of acoustic cavitation generated by selected pulsed or continuous ultrasound. As the physical-chemical structure of the sonosentizer is essential for the success of SDT, we believe that the different aspects related to nanotechnology in medicine might well be able to improve the triggering effect ultrasound has on sonosensitizing agents. Therefore, the aim of this review is to focus on how nanotechnology might improve this innovative anticancer therapeutic approach.
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Sonodynamic therapy can dramatically enhance the efficiency of non-invasive tumor treatment due to multiple mechanisms initiating cell apoptosis or necrosis under ultrasound action combined with molecular and nanostructured sonosensitizers. Recently, we have demonstrated for the first time the sonodynamic effect of low-intensity 20 kHz ultrasound combined with chlorin e6 on melanoma cells.
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Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a novel non-invasive treatment for cancer combining low-intensity ultrasound and sonosensitizers. SDT activates sonosensitizers through ultrasound, releasing energy and generating reactive oxygen species to kill tumor cells. Compared with traditional photodynamic therapy (PDT), SDT is a promising anti-cancer therapy with the advantages of better targeting, deeper tissue penetration, and higher focusing ability. With the development and broad application of nanomaterials, novel sonosensitizers with tumor-targeting specificity can deliver to deep tumors and enhance the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we first review the mechanisms of sonodynamic therapy. In addition, we also focus on the current types of sonosensitizers and the latest design strategies of nanomaterials in sonosensitizers. Finally, we summarize the combined strategy of sonodynamic therapy.
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Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an emerging approach that involves a combination of low-intensity ultrasound and specialized chemical agents known as sonosensitizers. Ultrasound can penetrate deeply into tissues and can be focused into a small region of a tumor to activate a sonosensitizer which offers the possibility of non-invasively eradicating solid tumors in a site-directed manner. In this article, we critically reviewed the currently accepted mechanisms of sonodynamic action and summarized the classification of sonosensitizers. At the same time, the breath of evidence from SDT-based studies suggests that SDT is promising for cancer treatment.
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Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) based on the power of ultrasonic can activate sonosensitizing drug (sonosensitizer) in tumor tissues to cure diseases, which was developed in Japan in recent decades and have characteristics including safe, effective, low toxic and low side effects. This article aims to have a brief description and discussion about SDT research progress in recent decades and give attention and awareness.
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7150/thno.33183.].
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Diacetylhematoporphyrin-mitomycin C conjugate( diAc-Hp-MMC ) ( 1 ) prepared by a condensation of diacetylhematoporphyrin with MMC in the presence of N, Ndimethylaminopyridine and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and two of the pyridocarbazole derivatives ( 8) and ( 9 ) were provided for sonodynamic compounds and these wmpounds were found to show excellent cell-killing effect, comparing to those of the known sonodynamc compound hematoporphyrin, Hp 2HC1 ( 2).Di-Ac-Hp ( 3 ), Hp-Co ( 4).Hp-Fe (5 ), Acrinol ( 6 )and MMC ( 7 ).
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