Nrf2/ARE regulated antioxidant gene expression in endothelial and smooth muscle cells in oxidative stress: implications for atherosclerosis and preeclampsia.
Giovanni E. MannJörg Niehueser-SaranAlan R. WatsonLing GaoTetsuro IshiiPatricia de WinterRichard Siow
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Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, chronic renal failure and preeclampsia readily leads to impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation and vascular injury. To counteract ROS- and electrophile-mediated injury, cells can induce a number of genes encoding phase II detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant proteins. A cis-acting transcriptional regulatory element, designated as antioxidant response element (ARE) or electrophile response element (EpRE), mediates the transcriptional activation of genes such as heme oxygenase-1, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthethase, thioredoxin reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase. Other antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase and non-enzymatic scavengers such as glutathione are also involved in scavenging ROS. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a member of the Cap nno Collar family of basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors, plays an important role in ARE-mediated antioxidant gene expression. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1) normally sequesters Nrf2 in the cytoplasm in association with the actin cytoskeleton, but upon oxidation of cysteine residues Nrf2 dissociates from Keap1, translocates to the nucleus and binds to ARE sequences leading to transcriptional activation of antioxidant and phase II detoxifying genes. Protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) have been implicated in the regulation of Nrf2/ARE signaling. We here review the evidence that the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway plays an important role in vascular homeostasis and the defense of endothelial and smooth muscle cells against sustained oxidative stress associated with diseases such as atherosclerosis and preeclampsia.Keywords:
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced under oxidative stress, such as high oxygen concentration and during the metabolic consumption of oxygen molecules. Male reproductive tissues appear to be continuously exposed to ROS produced by active metabolism. In addition, spermatozoa must pass through a high oxygen environment during the mating process. Thus, to maintain viable reproductive ability, a protective mechanism against oxidative stress is of importance. Here, we overview our current understanding of the cooperative function of antioxidative and redox systems that are involved in male fertility. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase are major enzymes that scavenge harmful ROS in male reproductive organs. In turn, glutathione and thioredoxin systems constitute the main redox systems that repair oxidized and damaged molecules and also play a role in regulating a variety of cellular functions. While glutathione functions as an antioxidant by donating electrons to glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin donates electrons to peroxiredoxin as a counterpart of glutathione peroxidase. In addition, aldo-keto reductases, which detoxify carbonyl compounds produced by oxidative stress, are present at high levels in the epithelia of the genital tract and Sertoli cells of the testis. Since these systems are involved in cross-talk, a comprehensive understanding will be required to maintain the physiological functions of male reproductive system.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced under oxidative stress, such as high oxygen concentration and during the metabolic consumption of oxygen molecules. Male reproductive tissues appear to be continuously exposed to ROS produced by active metabolism. In addition, spermatozoa must pass through a high oxygen environ-ment during the mating process. Thus, to maintain viable reproductive ability, a protective mechanism against oxida-tive stress is of importance. Here, we overview our current understanding of the cooperative function of antioxidative and redox systems that are involved in male fertility. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase are major enzymes that scavenge harmful ROS in male reproductive organs. In turn, glutathione and thioredoxin systems constitute the main redox systems that repair oxidized and damaged molecules and also play a role in regulating a variety of cellular functions. While glutathione functions as an antioxidant by donating electrons to glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin donates electrons to peroxiredoxin as a counterpart of glutathione peroxidase. In addition,aldo-keto reductases, which detoxify carbonyl compounds produced by oxidative stress, are present at high levels in the epithelia of the genital tract and Sertoli cells of the testis. Since these systems are involved in cross-talk, a comprehensive understanding will be required to maintain the physiological functions of male reproductive system.( Asian J Andro12003 Sep; 5: 231-242)
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目的基于Keap1-Nrf2/ARE信号传导通路探讨黄芪多糖改善干燥综合征（Sjogren′s syndrome，SS）模型大鼠心功能变化的机制。方法将48只Wistar雄性大鼠按随机数字表法分为4组：空白对照组（空白组）、模型对照组（模型组）、黄芪多糖组（中药组）和羟氯喹组（西药组），每组12只，分别向每只大鼠（空白组除外）两后足跖部注射与弗氏完全佐剂充分乳化后的颌下腺蛋白混合抗原0.1 mL，诱导SS模型。致炎后第19天开始干预，空白组及模型组均给予等量生理盐水（1 mL/100 g），其余组分别给予黄芪多糖（1 mg/100 g）、羟氯喹（0.031 25 g/kg），各组每天干预1次，连续干预30天。给药结束后观察大鼠的体质量变化、饮水量变化、颌下腺指数、脾指数、腺体组织学变化；采用有创血流动力学监测SS模型大鼠心功能的变化；采用ELISA法检测血清中活性氧（reactive oxygen species，ROS）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde，MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）、总抗氧化能力（total antioxidant capacity，TAC）、TNF-α、IL-35；HE染色观察心肌组织的病理学改变；免疫组化染色观察ROS、活性氮自由基（reactive nitrogen species， RNS）、谷胱甘肽（glutathione，GSH）、硫氧还蛋白（thioredoxin，TRX）表达；实时荧光定量PCR（real time fluorescence quantitative PCR，RTFQ-PCR）检测Keap1、Nrf2、ARE mRNA蛋白的表达；Western blot方法测定大鼠心肌组织γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶（γ-glutamic acid and a half long glycine synthetase，γ-GCS）、血红素氧合酶1（heme oxygenase-1，HO-1）蛋白表达水平。结果与空白组比较，模型组大鼠饮水量、颌下腺指数、脾指数、HR、 心脏指数（HI）、左室收缩期压（LVSP）、左室舒张期压（LVEDP）、MDA、ROS、TNF-α、ROS蛋白表达、RNS蛋白表达、Keap1 mRNA、MafmRNA、Nfr2 mRNA、HO-1蛋白表达、γ-GCS蛋白表达升高
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The retrochalcone licochalcone A (LicA) has previously been shown to possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we focused on pathways responsible for the antioxidative properties of LicA. In vitro, LicA protected from oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating the expression of cytoprotective phase II enzymes. LicA induced nuclear translocation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in primary human fibroblasts and elevated the expression of the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory enzymes heme oxygenase 1 and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit. LicA-treated cells displayed a higher ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione and decreased concentrations of ROS in UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts, as well as in activated neutrophils. In vivo, ultraweak photon emission analysis of skin treated with LicA-rich licorice extract revealed a significantly lowered UVA-induced luminescence, indicative for a decrease in oxidative processes. We conclude from these data that topical application of licorice extract is a promising approach to induce Nrf2-dependent cytoprotection in human skin.
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The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) widely occurs in metabolic reactions and affects stem cell activity by participating in stem cell self-renewal. However, the mechanisms of transit-amplifying (TA) spermatogonial divisions mediated by oxidative stress are not fully understood. Through genetic manipulation of Drosophila testes, we demonstrated that CG8005 regulated TA spermatogonial divisions and redox homeostasis. Using in vitro approaches, we showed that the knockdown of CG8005 increased ROS levels in S2 cells; the induced ROS generation was inhibited by NAC and exacerbated by H2O2 pretreatments. Furthermore, the silencing of CG8005 increased the mRNA expression of oxidation-promoting factors Keap1, GstD1, and Mal-A6 and decreased the mRNA expression of antioxidant factors cnc, Gclm, maf-S, ND-42, and ND-75. We further investigated the functions of the antioxidant factor cnc, a key factor in the Keap1-cnc signaling pathway, and showed that cnc mimicked the phenotype of CG8005 in both Drosophila testes and S2 cells. Our results indicated that CG8005, together with cnc, controlled TA spermatogonial divisions by regulating oxidative stress in Drosophila.
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