HDAC1 deregulation promotes neuronal loss and deficit of motor function in stroke pathogenesis
Jui‐Sheng ChenHao‐Kuang WangChien-Yu HsuYu-Ting SuJia‐Shing ChenCheng‐Loong LiangPatrick C.H. HsiehCheng‐Chun WuAij‐Lie Kwan
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Stroke is a common cause of death worldwide and leads to disability and cognitive dysfunction. Ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke are major categories of stroke, accounting for 68% and 32% of strokes, respectively. Each year, 15 million people experience stroke worldwide, and the stroke incidence is rising. Epigenetic modifications regulate gene transcription and play a major role in stroke. Accordingly, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) participates in DNA damage repair and cell survival. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of HDAC1 in stroke pathogenesis are still controversial. Therefore, we investigated the role of HDAC1 in stroke by using a rat model of endothelin-1-induced brain ischemia. Our results revealed that HDAC1 was deregulated following stroke, and its expressional level and enzymatic activity were decreased. We also used MS-275 to inhibit HDAC1 function in rats exposed to ischemic insult. We found that HDAC1 inhibition promoted the infarct volume, neuronal loss, DNA damage, neuronal apoptosis after stroke, and levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammation cytokines. Additionally, HDAC1 inhibition deteriorated the behavioral outcomes of rats with ischemic insult. Overall, our findings demonstrate that HDAC1 participates in ischemic pathogenesis in the brain and possesses potential for use as a therapeutic target.Keywords:
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Under what circumstances would incumbent firms favor deregulation, given the benefits they receive from regulatory controls on price, output, and entry? An answer to this question is critical for understanding the phenomena of deregulation and for determining whether it is likely to be permanent or transitory. Despite deregulation of important markets in the United States, including banking, transportation and telecommunications, economists have little theoretical or empirical insight into why deregulation is occurring and the processes underlying it. Indeed, most regulatory models so clearly specify the gains to firms from certain types of government regulation that observed industry support for deregulation is a puzzle (Stigler [1971] and Peltzman [1976]). Additionally, while consumers benefit from associated lower prices and increases in the number and variety of products, they generally are considered to be too broad and heterogeneous to form cohesive lobby groups for deregulation (Olson [1965]). What, then, is the motivation for these policy
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ECONOMIC DEREGULATION of American industry is one of the most important experiments in economic policy of our time.1 In 1977, 17 percent of U.S. GNP was produced by fully regulated industries.2 By 1988, following ten years of partial and complete economic deregulation of large parts of the transportation, communications, energy, and financial industries that total had been cut significantly-to 6.6 percent of GNP.3 The political forces behind the decision to change the market conditions under which roughly $600 billion of U. S. output is produced were strong and varied, but according to political scientists Martha Derthick and Paul Quirk (1985, p. 36), deregulation would never have occurred if economists-especially microeconomists-had not generally supported it through their research.4 In retrospect, it is fair to ask: were microeconomists able to develop a theoretical and empirical framework to explain regulation and its effects and to form predictions of deregulation's effects? Were they able to predict the actual effects of deregulation? This paper surveys the evidence to address these questions and of-
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This paper begins by discussing Canada's regulatory regime during the late 1970s, the forces behind airline deregulation, Canada's evolution toward deregulation, and privatization of Air Canada. Following this, the response of the industry is studied. Significant changes in industry structure are described, data on the early experience with conduct and performance is given, and conclusions on the Canadian experience with airline regulatory reform are drawn. These are presented in the form of lessons for other countries contemplating their own reform.
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The authors suggest that most arguments in favor of deregulation are really double-edged swords which render the debate over deregulation inconclusive at best. They challenge the following positions as inconclusive: (1) that deregulation per se is good; (2) that it protects rights; (3) that deregulation removes uncertainties concerning the marketplace; (4) that it reduces nitpicking and coercive regulation; (5) that deregulation promotes greater productivity and efficiency; (6) that it combats inflation; (7) that regulations often cannot be justified by benefits over costs; and (8) there are serious problems of attaining optimum levels of regulation. Special interest groups in favor of deregulation are seen to bear a remarkable resemblance to groups opposed to deregulation. Copyright 1982 by The Policy Studies Organization.
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The authors suggest that most arguments in favor of deregulation are really double‐edged swords which render the debate over deregulation inconclusive at best. They challenge the following positions as inconclusive: (1) that deregulation per se is good; (2) that it protects rights; (3) that deregulation removes uncertainties concerning the marketplace; (4) that it reduces “nitpicking” and coercive regulation; (5) that deregulation promotes greater productivity and efficiency; (6) that it combats inflation; (7) that regulations often cannot be justified by benefits over costs; and (8) there are serious problems of attaining optimum levels of regulation. Special interest groups in favor of deregulation are seen to bear a remarkable resemblance to groups opposed to deregulation.
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The study discusses the rationale and objectives of deregulation, the methods and areas of deregulation, the conditions and circumstances of deregulation, and some of the issues associ- ated with deregulation and its implications.
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This paper focuses on the effects of deregulation of motor carriers in Australia. It is particularly concerned with the implications of regulatory reform beyond the transport sector and uses a general equilibrium approach to examine the economy wide effects of deregulation. Among other things the paper shows that the effects of deregulation are not evenly distributed across all types of industries. Furthermore it concludes that the magnitude of the effects from deregulation in any given industry is not necessarily correlated with the share of total costs devoted to the purchase of transportation services.
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The panel presentations in this Part I included the following papers: Air Deregulation: Price, Service, and Financial Disparities; Air Deregulation: Changes in Marketing Strategies; Air Deregulation: Consequences of U.S. Marketing Strategies; Intercity Bus Deregulation; Current Concerns of Deregulated Motor Carriers; Railroad Deregulation; and, Deregulation of Water Carriers.
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This paper examines the effect of economic deregulation in Nigerian economy. The study identified the different forms and policy instruments used by Nigerian government for effective deregulation. It highlighted the potential gains of deregulation and suggested ways of improving the Nigerian economy through guided economic deregulation. Against this background, Nigeria's quest for accelerated growth and development requires coherent strategies that seek to minimize the risks of deregulation while maximizing its benefits. International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences Vol. 2(1) 2006: 65-71
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Along with the wave of reform and deregulation of the West,academics have begun to call deregulation.However,the major problem of state regulation is administrative monopoly and unreasonable regulation structure.Therefore,our government regulatory reform is to reconstruction instead of deregulation.On the one hand,eradicate the original plan institutional management structure and eliminate administrative monopolies.On the other hand,change regulation key and Imply category regulation,that is to say,According to the same industry in different periods and different industries to implement deregulation policies.
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