Analysis Of Water Balance To Determine Cropping Patterns Of Food Crop In Sub-Watershed Tenggarong, Kutai Kartanegara Regency.
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Abstract:
Growing periods can be determined using water balance analysis to decrease harvest risk in certain area. Generally, there
are two types of land use for crop, i.e. irrigated land and non-irrigated land. This research was aimed to determine water input,
water use and water loss, consumptive use crop water balance and designing a cropping pattern on rainfed paddy fi eld at Watershed
Tenggarong.
Determination
of fi
eld
capacity and permanent wilting point using soil texture data was input through Bouyoucos hydrometer
methods. The
calculation of land water balance according to Thornthwaite
and Mather (1957) was employed to determine
the
agro-climate condition, particularly the dynamics of soil moisture content to plan a general cropping patterns was used
based
on monthly data. The
planting time period is the water holding capacity > 50% from available water.
Water
balance
monthly
indicated that this area has potential growing season about 9 months, water surplus 8 months (439.6 mm year
-1
)
and
water defi cits about 3 months (59.7 mm year
-1
). In these area, paddy could be planted twice a year without irrigation. Whereas
when there are climate anomalies, paddy fi elds can be cultivated on certain land (swamps or suburbs of lake/river).Keywords:
Water balance
Permanent wilting point
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Water is a controversial topic in agriculture and future development. The clearing of land and the conversion to cropping and irrigation is currently being discussed for the region of the Daly River catchment. Proposals to develop sheep and cattle grazing country into cropping and irrigation have been put forward to the Northern Territory Government. These proposals have forced the Northern
Territory Government to produce an Integrated Regional Land Use Plan to assess hydrological, biological, environmental and social impacts on the catchment and
the Daly River.
To assess the hydrological impacts, computer modelling was conducted in MIKE SHE on the changes in water balance. Three soil column water balance models have been produced and calibrated to simulate different land use scenarios.
These scenarios include current conditions, native vegetation, and future agricultural development, improved pasture and irrigated peanuts. The analysed results from the water balance models include evapotranspiration, overland flow, crop water use and groundwater recharge.
The computer modelling results were compared for the three land use scenarios. It was found that the canopy density and the root zone depth for the crop type had the greatest influence of the water balance.
The canopy density controlled the level of surface exposure affecting evaporation rates. High canopy densities (high leaf area index) led to increased
evaporation from the canopy while a decrease in evaporation from ponded water and from the soil. The root zone depth dictated the crops ability to draw moisture from the unsaturated zone. Shallow root depths of improved pasture and irrigated peanuts led to increased recharge, increased soil water storages and a rapid decrease in the transpiration rate (for improved pasture) during the
dry season.
Water balance
DNS root zone
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Water balance
Gross margin
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Malaysia experiences water shortages as a result of a combination of drought, urbanisation and pollution. [1]. There are regions of water stress mainly due to low water resources supply, high demands, large agriculture area with consumes a large portion of available water, rapid industrialisation and increasing population and peak irrigation demand during the dry season. The distribution of the rainfall in time and space has resulted in limited availability of water of acceptable quantity for water supplies in some parts of the country [2]. More than 80% of the freshwater resources developed in Asia, are used
for irrigation. Of this, more than 90% of the total irrigation water is used for rice production [3]. Water requirement is important in cultivation practices of rice involve water being supplied to the paddy fields before the planting activities begin. This study was carried out to determine the total water requirement needed for 1.82 hectares of paddy field in Seberang Perak rice cultivation area. Water is supply continuously until about 10 days before harvesting. Water is required to bring the fields to saturation, and to establish a layer of water in the fields to facilitate land preparation. There-after water is
required to supplement natural losses from the fields and to satisfy the consumptive use by the plant. These two distinct phases of water requirement are termed as pre-saturation and normal growth period. Saturation of water, effective rainfall, evapotranspiration and seepage percolation will be calculated for determination of crop water requirement during the pre-saturation and normal growth periods. Pre-saturation and normal growth period involve 14 days and 105 days respectively. For the establishing of the water layer, an average of 10 cm had been used for the whole growing period. Saturation of water
and seepage percolation had been calculated by using the data collected from the study area. Meteorological data from the nearby station had been used for calculation of evapotranspiration and effective rainfall. In this study, the result showed that the total of 775 mm of water needed to be irrigated in 1.82 hectares of paddy plot area. This total water requirement of the paddy field had been calculated for one season of paddy plantation.
Paddy field
Hectare
Water use
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Water balance
Irrigation statistics
Water use
Growing season
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Saddang Watershed (DAS) as a large watershed in Sulawesi, rich in natural resource potential in the form of land, topography, slope, geology, soil, vegetation, climatology; rainfall, temperature, humidity, and sunshine. In maintaining and utilizing (watershed management) availability and water requirements for; humans, plants and animals. The availability and demand of water in watershed management requires the role of land in regulating agroclimatology and hydrology conditions. The water balance approach method used is SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) method of soil and water assessment tools, to determine the condition of availability and demand of water in an effort to maintain water flow conditions at all times (number and distribution) of Bendung Benteng irrigation system, which is capable of supply water for paddy field irrigation in two regencies of South Sulawesi’s paddy granaries namely Pinrang Regency and Sidrap Regency. According to the Schmidth-Fergusson climate classification, the type of climate in Saddang watershed area belongs to type C climate = slightly wet area with tropical rainforest vegetation, the average amount of rainfall ranges from 2.155 mm/year. This indicates that there is large level of rainfall every year and land use with a forest area of 676,39 or 26,41% of the watershed area, thus Saddang watershed is able to save tremendous amount of water supply. Based on the results of the water balance analysis using SWAT method, the amount of water available in the average watershed ; 3.133 mm year-1, the amount of water being flowed ; 1.040,9 mm, and stored as ground water ; 29,60 mm, as well as direct runoff ; 366,9 mm and flow coefficient of 0,45. Hence, there is 45% of the flow loss as surface stream and there is 55% of the flow stored in the watershed, and the model application is categorized as good both in conducting simulations and validating the flow discharge on Saddang River. Watershed processing classified as having good watershed conditions, because one indicator of a watershed's water performance can be seen from the river discharge fluctuation. River discharge fluctuations can be seen from the river regression coefficient (KRS), which is a number that shows ratio between maximum discharge (Qmax) and minimum discharge (Qmin). The highest discharge (Qmax) was 30.805 m³/sec while the lowest discharge (Qmin) was 994 m³/sec. The regression coefficient value (KRS) of Saddang River watershed was 26.650 m³/sec. Based on the results of the 2017 data analysis, the condition of Saddang watershed provides surplus value of 1.911.986 (m3 year-1), out of the total water availability of 2.155.273 (m3 year-1) minus the total irrigation water requirement of 243.286,50 m3 year-1, with the pattern of planting paddy-paddy-secondary crops (palawija). Therefore, Saddang watershed has the ability to store large amounts of water throughout the year
Water balance
SWAT model
Watershed Management
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Groundwater being one of the most valuable resources of earth needs to be utilized properly for healthy and economic growth of any region. Present study on ground water and surface water use was carried out in Eastern part of India, where it is blessed with plenty of water resources but its utilization is very poor as compared to other part of India. Orissa, being one of the resource rich States in India still struggles with low crop production and cropping intensity status. The groundwater development of the State is only 18.31 % out of total replenishable groundwater resources of 21,00,928 ha-m.. The groundwater earmarked for irrigation is 16,78,038 ha-.m. For exploiting this quantity of groundwater during rabi season , ground water structure like open well and bore well is essential . Among 30 districts , groundwater development is maximum of 77.61 % in Baliapal block in Balasore district. This block is dominated with boro paddy(January to April/May), where the crop needs frequent irrigation water. To exploit ground water and use during post rainy season, the district-wise as well as block-wise crop reference evapotranspiration was estimated with standard procedure ( Penman Monteith 1998 , FAO56). The annual reference evapotranspiration of Orissa is 1658 mm, whereas total annual water supply through rainfall was 1492.8 mm. Thus there is annual water deficit of only 9.94 % (165 mm). Though the water availability through rain alone was sufficient to fulfill crop water demand for two-crop season, but due to its uneven distribution, the farmers of this state have been growing only one crop in most of the districts. As far as seasonwise crop water demand and supply is concerned, on an average of all thirty districts, there was surplus of 106.55 % during wet season and deficit of 83.7 % and 76.9 % during rabi i.e.Nov. - March and April - May i.e dry season, respectively. During rabi and summer, the amount of rainfall was only 101.6 mm in 6.2 rainy days and 90.3 mm in 7.0 rainy days respectively, which is not enough to fulfill water needs of crop for more than fifteen days period . So it is important to make utilization of excess rainwater of wet season effectively. This excess water can be recharged in to the ground by various recharged techniques wherever it is feasible. This recharged groundwater can be further exploited during dry season i.e rabi and summer season and the cropping intensity and irrigated area can be increased as there is substantial deficit of water exists during rabi and summer season..
Water use
Conjunctive use
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The current work is aimed to improve the water management for agriculture, by applying efficient crop schedules in Vilcabamba -and similar areas of the Andean highland forest-, which can satisfy most of the water requirements with rainfed irrigation and maximise the crops yield. For this purpose, two field practices were carried out during the dry (September 2012) and wet season (February 2013) to measure rivers and canals flows with the velocity/area method. Nineteen soil samples were collected on-site and analysed, presenting prevalent sandy loam and loam textures. Cropwat programme and data on climate, crops and soil were used to estimate crop water requirements and scheme irrigation requirements, indicating that crop evapotranspiration is low due to humidity and cool temperature. Crops did not need any water during the rainy season (December to April), although irrigation requirements occur in the dry season, with a maximum flow capacity of 1.72 L/s in May. The flow capacity can be satisfied, since small ditches convey approximately 2 L/s to 6 L/s on the same season. Rainfed farming can be practised, but an initial pre-irrigation that needs to be applied for crops should not be water stressed. However, if soil is not pre-irrigated the production can be affected, with vegetables and potato crop yields reduced by 4.7% and 1.4%, respectively. To minimise these effects, both crops are suggested to be planted one month later, adapting their growth period to the rainy season. Keywords: Crop scheduling, crop water requirements, rainfed irrigation, water management for agriculture, Cropwat
Wet season
Rainfed agriculture
Dry season
Irrigation scheduling
Irrigation statistics
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Research uses descriptive approach comprises to climate assessment, rainfall, landscape, topography, hydro topography, reclamation network technical data, and farming entrepreneur data in field. The data are analyzed to ensure that planting pattern and operational pattern of water gate is suited with farming demand. Result indicated that water management network in researched area is less than expected. Planting pattern is only for once planting season a year (Paddy-Bera), while the plan is for three times a year (Paddy-Paddy-Palawija). Maximum demand of water obtained by second period in month of October equals to 261,35 mm/period or 17,42 mm/day. Operational pattern of secondary and tertiary water gates of rice field during wet season is focused for retention, controlling drainage to waste excessive rainfall or during fertilization, rinsing and washing off toward toxic and acid materials, and rise-down tide irrigation. Drainage is demanded when water is inundated too deep or water quality gets worst. Palawija is planted at dry season, that is, after second cropping of rice is finished and extended to drainage. Analysis result indicates that planting pattern of researched area (Paddy-Bera) is predicted to Rp.1.495.000/ha/year and that planting-planned pattern (Paddy-Paddy-Palawija) is estimated to Rp. 7.730.750/ha/year. Keywords: Planning Plant-Pattern, water management network, swamp reclamation
Swamp
Paddy field
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Actual irrigation situation in a typical upland irrigation district was estimated by the water balance method during the 1993 rainy and the 1994 dry year periods. Soil moisture conditions were analysed for cases where daily district water use was supplied to all the cropped upland farms, and to reduced irrigation area percentages. Consumptive use was obtained through monthly weighted crop coefficients used to reduce penman's potential evapotranspiration. The moisture budget was examined at three levels of total readily available moisture, TRAM, i.e., 20,30 and 40 mm; the effect of upward capillary rise was also considered. The results of this study indicated that the actual moisture conditions in upland irrigated farms is influenced by irrigation area, cropping pattern, stage of crop growth and upward capillary rise in the farms. Actual irrigated area was within the range of about 44 to 100% of cropped area while upward capillary rise was between 0.1 and 1 mm day-1, TRAM level of 30 to 40 mm was considered most appropriate for the district. Monthly effective rainfall percentages from the water balance method were fairly close to that determined by the basic irrigation requirement method for some months. Basic irrigation requirement may therefore be considered to incorporate capillary water contribution.
Water balance
Irrigation district
Crop coefficient
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Center pivot irrigation
Water use
Irrigation statistics
Water balance
Crop coefficient
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