Self-assembled fungus-biochar composite pellets (FBPs) for enhanced co-sorption-biodegradation towards phenanthrene
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Filamentous fungus
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Laser flash analysis
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The effects of the operating variables of the dish pelletiser on pellet formation and pellets so formed were studied. Pellet growth was found to be so sensitive to the amount of binding liquid incorporated, that a small variation of it could bring about changes in surface plasticity and ability to deform and coalesce through surface moisture bonds. Increasing the amount of binding liquid led to the formation of pellets with flattened facets instead of being well-rounded. Increase in agitation speed led to a reduction in the average pellet diameter. This could be due to increasing inertial forces which far exceeded the cohesive forces present in the nucleus of the pellet, thus resulting in split pellets. A longer residence time in the dish rendered the pellets more round and smooth but of lower strength. Increasing the load of charge in the pelletiser increased average pellet diameter, due to the size of the load pressing on the feed material. No definite relationship between angle of inclination of pelletiser and average pellet diameter was observed.
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Pelletizing
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Palatability
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Pelletised materials are commonly used across a wide range of industries as a means of more efficiently storing and handling particulate materials. This work investigates the attrition behaviour of wood pellets with regard to pellet length, pellet forming method, and impact velocity. Sample sizes of 100 pellets were pre-measured and degraded under carefully controlled conditions. The post-test sample was then manually analysed to determine the length of all child particles. The results demonstrated that thermally treated pellets were more durable than white pellets. For both pellet types, the degree of breakage increased with; particle length and impact velocity.
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Breakage
Attrition
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An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of pellet length on pellet quality and performance of broiler starters (7–21 d of age). A wheat-based diet was formulated and pelleted to achieve 3 desired pellet lengths (3, 5, and 7 mm). Five experimental treatments were developed by feeding broilers pellets with different lengths during the second and third weeks of age. The treatments were feeding of 3-mm (length) pellets during wk 2 and 3; feeding 3- and 5-mm pellets during wk 2 and 3, respectively; feeding 3- and 7-mm pellets during wk 2 and 3, respectively; feeding of 5-mm pellets during wk 2 and 3; and feeding 5- and 7-mm pellets during wk 2 and 3, respectively. Increasing the pellet length from 3 to 5 and 7 mm significantly improved pellet durability and hardness with a marked increase associated with increasing the pellet length from 3 to 5 mm. Over the whole trial period (d 7–21), birds fed only 3-mm pellet diets showed highest feed intake. Weight gain of birds fed 3-mm pellets through the entire experiment was similar to those fed 5- and 7-mm pellets, but higher than other dietary treatments. Overall, the physical quality of pellets can be significantly enhanced by increasing the pellet length. However, young broilers (7–14 d of age) show a preference for shorter pellets.
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Progress in the Savannah River /sup 238/Pu Fuel Form Program is summarized. Full-scale fabrication tests continued as 4 pellets (General-Purpose Heat Source Pellets 10, 11, 12, and 13) were hot pressed and 3 pellets (GPHS Pellets 9, 10, and 11) underwent final heat treatment. The successful drilling of a one-eighth-inch diameter hole from the top of GPHS Pellet 8 to the center of the pellet after 2 1/2 months of storage and testing is one of several indications of the overall ruggedness of GPHS fuel pellets fabricated in the PEF. Microstructural analysis of a full-scale GPHS fuel pellet fabricated at LASL (LASL-GPHS Pellet 31) indicated that density gradients and internal cracking were more severe in this pellet than in SRL-GPHS pellets. As-received powder, oxygen-exchanged powder, and ball-milled powder samples from LASL were characterized by SEM analysis and by Coulter Counter particle size analysis.
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Bentonite
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In three experiments a total of 41 steers were implanted with experimental 12-mg. diethylstilbestrol pellets. In each experiment pellet residues were removed from randomly selected steers at 28, 56, 84 and 112 days subsequent to implantation. The rate of absorption of the diethylstilbestrol from the pellets was found to follow closely that of a first order reaction. The half life of pellets 1, 2, and 3 was 80, 73 and 96 days, respectively. Over the 112-day period the quantities of stilbestrol absorbed daily per 12-mg. pellet were 0.074, 0.073 and 0.056 mg. for pellets 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Pellet 2 was selected for testing in feed-lot because rate of absorption suggested this pellet should be uniformly effective in stimulating additional gains for at least a 150–175-day period. In a 169-day fattening trial, pellet 2 increased gains over the total period with no indication that there was a reduction in rate of gain during the later phases of the trial.
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Stilbestrol
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Multi-unit pellet system (MUPS) tablets were fabricated by compacting drug-loaded pellets of either crospovidone or microcrystalline cellulose core. These pellets were produced by extrusion-spheronization and coated with ethylcellulose (EC) for a sustained drug release function. Coat damage due to the MUPS tableting process could undermine the sustained release function of the EC-coated pellets. Deformability of the pellet core is a factor that can impact the extent of pellet coat damage. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the relative performance of drug-loaded pellets prepared with either microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or crospovidone (XPVP) as a spheronization aid and were comparatively evaluated for their ability to withstand EC pellet coat damage when compacted. These pellets were tableted at various compaction pressures and pellet volume fractions. The extent of pellet coat damage was assessed by the change in drug release after compaction. The findings from this study demonstrated that pellets spheronized with XPVP had slightly less favorable physical properties and experienced comparatively more pellet coat damage than the pellets with MCC. However, MUPS tablets of reasonable quality could successfully be produced from pellets with XPVP, albeit their performance did not match that of vastly mechanically stronger pellets with MCC at higher compaction pressure.
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Tableting
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