Randomized clinical trial to compare the efficacy of two different antimicrobials on cure, milk production, and reproductive performance of dairy cows diagnosed with metritis
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Abstract:
Two systemic antimicrobials are currently labeled in the United States for the treatment of metritis, ceftiofur and oxtetracycline. However, veterinarians may choose an alternative to ceftiofur, a third generation cephalosporin, because of concerns about the potential development of antimicrobial resistance. Ampicillin sodium is often used in an extra-label manner in the field to treat metritis in dairy cows, but there is little work published to support its use for this purpose. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of two antimicrobial treatments (ceftiofur hydrochloride versus ampicillin sodium) for resolution of clinical signs, reproductive performance, culling, and milk yield in dairy cows diagnosed with acute puerperal metritis.Keywords:
Ceftiofur
Metritis
Culling
The impact of ten diseases of dairy cattle on milk production, calving interval and culling were studied in a university operated dairy herd. Cows with clinical mastitis, ketosis or displaced abomasum had lowered milk production. Cows with metritis, retained placenta, cystic graafian follicles or ovarian hypofunction had longer calving intervals. Cows with clinical mastitis, metritis, pneumonia or retained placenta had increased risks of culling. The relationship between disease and culling was based on the medical history of culled and nonculled cows using a case control approach. Therefore, it is likely that in many cases, the association between disease and culling is due to the impact of that disease on productivity.
Culling
Metritis
Retained placenta
Ketosis
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The objective of this randomized study was to evaluate the efficacy of ceftiofur hydrochloride (Excenel® RTU) administered subcutaneously at the daily dose of 1.0 mg ceftiofur equivalents (CE)/kg body weight (BW) (0.45 mg/lb) for five days for the treatment of acute puerperal metritis in cows in Europe. This treatment was compared to a control of oxytetracycline hydrochloride administered intramuscularly at the daily dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (4.5 mg/lb) for five days, an antibiotic registered for treatment of metritis in Europe.
Ceftiofur
Metritis
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Ceftiofur is a class 1 antibiotic (World Health Organization classification) and there is an increasing pressure from the veterinary and medical bodies to revisit its use for treating and preventing diseases in dairy cows such as acute puerperal metritis (APM). The presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the uterus of dairy cows at day 1 postpartum was shown to increase by 3 the risk of subsequently developing APM. Unfortunately, there are no data describing the efficacy of ceftiofur treatment to prevent APM in the subset of cows with E. coli in their uterus at day 1 postpartum. Therefore, the objective of the study was to quantify the efficacy of ceftiofur treatment in dairy cows with E. coli in their uterus at day 1 postpartum to prevent APM.
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Metritis
Endometritis
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The objectives of this study were to evaluate efficacy of a 2-dose regimen of ceftiofur crystalline free acid sterile suspension (CCFA-SS) for treatment of acute metritis in lactating dairy cows under field conditions and to provide additional safety and injection site tolerance data for injections at the base of the ear. Cows at 15 dairies with rectal temperature ≥39.5°C and fetid uterine discharge ≤10 d postcalving were randomly assigned by blocks of 2, based on order of entry and without regard to parity, to treatment with saline (1.5 mL/45.5 kg of body weight, n = 509) or CCFA-SS (6.6 mg of ceftiofur equivalents/kg of body weight, n = 514). Treatments were administered by subcutaneous injection in the posterior aspect of the ear where it attaches to the head; the first dose was administered on study d 0 and the second dose was administered in the contra lateral ear on study d 3. Rectal temperatures were recorded on study d 1 to 4 and 5 or 6 and cows were clinically evaluated daily from study d 1 to 13. Cows that exhibited increased adverse clinical signs of poor health or complications associated with metritis were categorized as a treatment failure and administered escape therapy. Each cow received a veterinary physical examination on study d 5 or 6 to determine if she should be removed from the study and on study d 14 to determine clinical cure or failure to cure. Clinical cure was defined as rectal temperature <39.5°C and non-fetid and purulent or mucopurulent discharge on study d 14 and no escape therapy administered. The injection procedure was scored after each injection (study d 0 and 3) and injection sites and ear carriage were scored on study d 5 or 6, 14, and 57 ± 3. Of the 1,023 cows enrolled, 7 were completely censored due to protocol deviations and 34 were removed for protocol deviations or medical conditions not related to metritis. Clinical cure rate was higher for CCFA-SS than for saline (74.3 vs. 55.3%) and rectal temperatures for each of study d 1 to 5 or 6 were lower for CCFA-SS than saline. Injection procedure indices showed that CCFA-SS could be practically and safely administered using commercial dairy facilities. Although injection site scores were higher for CCFA-SS than saline at study d 5 or 6 and 14, ≥98.6% of ears were normal on d 57 ± 3. Thus, a 2-dose treatment with CCFA-SS given 72 h apart increased metritis clinical cure rate and was well tolerated in dairy cows.
Metritis
Ceftiofur
Endometritis
Intramuscular injection
Rectal temperature
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Third-generation cephalosporins, such as ceftiofur, are commonly used to treat metritis in dairy cows. Chitosan microparticles has been shown to have a broad spectrum of activity in vitro and to be effective against uterine pathogens in vivo ; therefore, they have been hailed as a possible alternative to traditional antibiotics. Nonetheless, in the present study, we saw that chitosan microparticle treatment slowed the progression of the uterine microbiome of cows with metritis toward a healthy state, whereas ceftiofur treatment hastened the progression toward a healthy state. Given the lack of an effective alternative to traditional antibiotics and an increased concern about antimicrobial resistance, a greater effort should be devoted to the prevention of metritis in dairy cows.
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Ceftiofur
Microparticle
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The effect of seven diseases on culling was measured in 7523 Holstein cows in New York State.The cows were from 14 herds and had calved between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1994; all cows were followed until September 30, 1995.Survival analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model to incorporate time-dependent covariates for diseases.Different intervals representing stages of lactation were considered for effects of the diseases.Five models were fitted to test how milk yield and conception status modified the effect of diseases on culling.Covariates in the models included parity, calving season, and time-dependent covariates measuring diseases, milk yield of the current lactation, and conception status.Data were stratified by herd.The seven diseases and lactational risks under consideration were milk fever (0.9%), retained placenta (9.5%), displaced abomasum (5.3%), ketosis (5.0%), metritis (4.2%), ovarian cysts (10.6%), and mastitis (14.5%).Older cows were at a much higher risk of being culled.Calving season had no effect on culling.Higher milk yield was protective against culling.Once a cow had conceived again, her risk of culling dropped sharply.In all models, mastitis was an important risk factor throughout lactation.Milk fever, retained placenta, displaced abomasum, ketosis, and ovarian cysts also significantly affected culling at different stages of lactation.Metritis had no effect on culling.The magnitude of the effects of the diseases decreased, but remained important, when milk yield and conception status were included as covariates.These results indicated that diseases have an important impact on the actual decision to cull and the timing of culling.Parity, milk yield, and conception status are also important factors in culling decisions.
Culling
Metritis
Milk fever
Retained placenta
Ketosis
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The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Ceftiofur for management of bovine puerperal metritis. A total of 26 buffaloes with history of calving 10 days back, continuous straining and expulsion of massive quantity of foul smelling mucoprulent vaginal discharge. The affected animals were treated with Ceftiofur along with supportive therapy i.e. Chlorpheniramine maleate, Meloxicam, Vitamin B1, B6 and B12 and 5% Dextrose. All affected animals showed complete clinical recovery after 3–5 days of therapy with Ceftiofur confirming clinical efficacy.
Metritis
Ceftiofur
Endometritis
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The objectives of our study were to determine the association of plasma Ca concentration collected within 12 h of parturition with: 1) the risk of clinical diseases (retained placenta [RP], metritis, displaced abomasum [DA], and clinical mastitis) in the first 60 d in milk (DIM), 2) the risk of culling in the first 60 DIM, 3) the risk of pregnancy to first service, and 4) milk production.
Metritis
Culling
Retained placenta
Milk fever
Endometritis
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Metritis
Ceftiofur
Endometritis
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Metritis
Ceftiofur
Antibiotic Therapy
Endometritis
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