Polymeric microneedle‐mediated sustained release systems: Design strategies and promising applications for drug delivery
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Abstract:
Parenteral sustained release drug formulations, acting as preferable platforms for long-term exposure therapy, have been wildly used in clinical practice. However, most of these delivery systems must be given by hypodermic injection. Therefore, issues including needle-phobic, needle-stick injuries and inappropriate reuse of needles would hamper the further applications of these delivery platforms. Microneedles (MNs) as a potential alternative system for hypodermic needles can benefit from minimally invasive and self-administration. Recently, polymeric microneedle-mediated sustained release systems (MN@SRS) have opened up a new way for treatment of many diseases. Here, we reviewed the recent researches in MN@SRS for transdermal delivery, and summed up its typical design strategies and applications in various diseases therapy, particularly focusing on the applications in contraception, infection, cancer, diabetes, and subcutaneous disease. An overview of the present clinical translation difficulties and future outlook of MN@SRS was also provided.Keywords:
Hypodermic needle
Delivery system
Clinical Practice
Transdermal delivery is constantly challenging system for the drug molecule to encroach appearance of its therapeutic action because of many features of skin. In this review we cover different aspect of transdermal delivery along with its evaluation as wel l as current advancement in transdermal drug delivery system. We also try to cover different generation of transdermal delivery as like iontophoresis, sonophoresis, electroporation, microneedles, magnetophoresis, photomechanical waves,
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Transdermal drug delivery has developed significance in the field medicine, but it has to develop its potential in order to use it as an alternative to oral route of drug delivery and intravenous injections. The First-generation transdermal delivery systems have been used for delivery of small, lipophilic, low-dose drugs. Second-generation delivery systems are used for chemical enhancers, non-cavitational ultrasound and iontophoresis. Third-generation delivery systems, thermal ablation can be used as a penetration enhancer. Micro needles and thermal ablation are widely used through clinical trials for delivery of vaccines and macromolecules. Using these novel second- and third-generation features, transdermal delivery has increased its significance in the current medical field.
Iontophoresis
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Thermal ablation
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Drug delivery system relates to the production of a drug, its delivery medium, and the way of administration. Drug delivery systems are even used for administering nitroglycerin. Transdermal drug delivery system is the system in which the delivery of the active ingredients of the drug occurs by the means of skin. Various types of transdermal patches are used. There are various methods to enhance the transdermal drug delivery system. But using microfabricated microneedles drugs are delivered very effectively to skin patch. There has been great progress in the Transdermal drug delivery system for the delivery of different forms and our aim is to collect the information about what progressed have done in Transdermal drug delivery system and developments in Transdermal drug delivery systems in theoretical form. Also, to collect the information about the advantages and application of the Transdermal drug delivery systems.
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Transdermal patch
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This article deals with the study of transdermal drug delivery system . Transdermal Drug Delivery System is the system in which the delivery of the active ingredients of the drug occurs through the skin. A transdermal patch is defined as medicated adhesive patch which is placed above the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin with a predetermined rate of release to reach into the bloodstream.This article includes study of transdermal drug delivery system regarding its advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of action, types, developments, components, methods, factors affecting transdermal delivery, and its evaluation.
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Nitroglycerin (drug)
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Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), also known as patches, are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across a patients skin. In order to deliver therapeutic agents through the human skin for systemic effects, the comprehensive morphological, biophysical and physicochemical properties of the skin are to be considered. Transdermal delivery provides a leading edge over injectables and oral routes by increasing patient compliance and avoiding first pass metabolism respectively. Transdermal delivery not only provides controlled, constant administration of the drug, but also allows continuous input of drugs with short biological half-lives and eliminates pulsed entry into systemic circulation, which often causes undesirable side effects. The TDDS review articles provide valuable information regarding the transdermal drug delivery systems and its evaluation process details as a ready reference for the research scientist who is involved in TDDS. With the advancement in technology Pharma industries have trendified all its resources. Earlier we use convectional dosage form but now we use novel drug delivery system. One of greatest innovation of novel drug delivery is transdermal patch. The advantage of transdermal drug delivery system is that it is painless technique of administration of drugs.
Systemic circulation
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Transdermal patch
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There are numerous modes of therapeutic administration, of which oral delivery is the most convenient and conventional as it involves administration of therapeutics in the form of liquids or solid capsules and tablets. However, this mode encounters several challenges, such as chemical processes within the gastrointestinal track and first pass metabolism which subsequently reduce the efficacy of the therapeutic drugs. To overcome these issues, transdermal drug administration in the form of hypodermic needles, topical creams, and transdermal patches have been employed. However, the effect of transdermal administration is limited due the stratum corneum layer of the skin, which acts as a lipophilic and hydrophobic barrier preventing external molecules from entering the skin. Therefore, hypodermic needles are used due to their sharp tip facilitating penetration through the stratum corneum to deposit the drug formulation into the skin, subcutaneous fat, or muscles layers. However, these needles induce needle-phobia and reduce patient compliance due to the complexity with administration and pain associated with injection. Microneedle devices have been developed to avoid these issues and provide enhanced transdermal therapeutic drug delivery in a minimally invasive manner to eliminate the first-pass metabolism and provide a sustained release. Unlike hypodermic needles injection, they do not cause pain and related fear or phobia in individuals, thereby improving compliance to the prescribed dosage regime. Till now different types of microneedles have been fabricated. These include, solid, coated, hollow and dissolvable, where each type has its own advantages and unique properties and designs. In this thesis, two novel methods utilising silicon etching processes, for the fabrication of both out-of-plane and in-plane silicon microneedles are presented. Hollow out-of-plane microneedles are manufactured through deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) technology. The patented three-step process flow has been developed to produce multiple arrays of sharp bevelled tipped, hollow microneedles which facilitate easy insertion and controlled fluid injection into excised skin samples. The in-plane microneedles have been fabricated from simultaneous wet KOH etching of the front and reverse of (100) orientated silicon wafers. The characteristic 54.7˚ sidewall etch angle was utilised to form a sharp six-sided microneedle tip and hexagonal shaped shaft. Employing this method allowed fabrication of both solid and hollow microneedles with different geometries i.e., widths and heights of several µm, to determine the optimal MN height and width for effective penetration and transdermal drug delivery. All microneedles fabricated during the PhD studentship tenure have been characterised through histology, fluorescent studies, and delivery into ex-vivo porcine and human skin tissue (research ethics committee reference 08/WSE03/55) to demonstrate effective microneedle based transdermal therapeutic drug delivery. The transdermal delivery of insulin and hyaluronic acid has been successfully demonstrated by employing a simple poke and patch application technique, presenting a clinical improvement over traditional application such as creams and ointments.
Hypodermic needle
Penetration (warfare)
Patient Compliance
Skin Barrier
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The progresses of matrixes of transdermal delivery system were introduced in this review.The composition of matrixes of patch including polyisobutylene PSA(Pressure Sensitive Adhesive),acrylic PSA,silicon PSA and the compositions of hydrophilic matrix of cataplasm were introduced.It showed that the transdermal delivery system may have a potential for further development.
Delivery system
Pressure sensitive
Matrix (chemical analysis)
Transdermal patch
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