Development of a Mobile Application of Internet-Based Support Program on Parenting Outcomes for Primiparous Women
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Abstract:
Primiparous women usually experience various parenting problems after childbirth that have negative effects on the well-being of mothers and infants. Although e-Support technology could provide an innovative and easily accessible intervention approach, mobile-phone interventions remain limited for Chinese primiparous women. Therefore, a new mobile application (APP) called the “Internet-based Support Program” (“ISP”) was designed, incorporating the self-efficacy theory and the social-exchange theory for Chinese first-time mothers to improve their levels of maternal self-efficacy (MSE), social support, and satisfaction, as well as to reduce their postpartum depression symptoms. The research was conducted to develop and optimize the “ISP” APP for new mothers via a theory-, evidence-, and person-based approach. Five modules of “learning forum”, “communication forum”, “ask-the-expert forum”, “baby home forum”, and “reminder forum” were included in the APP to meet various parenting needs of first-time mothers; and its contents and functions were validated by the experts and primiparous women. The majority of participants gave positive feedback on the APP’s perceived ease of use and usefulness. The “ISP” APP was the first designed for Chinese primiparous women, and a multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted to measure its effectiveness on parenting outcomes.Keywords:
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Childbirth is a major event in a family. The expectant parent's perception of the childbirth experience influences his or her development as a parent. Making childbirth a positive and satisfying experience for women is the responsibility of health care providers. Women want to have physical and emotional privacy during labor and delivery, and to experience both in a friendly, comfortable environment. For women expected to undergo normal deliveries, humanized childbirth is one accessible approach. This article explores the definition and evolution of humanized childbirth and the care practice that it involves. It also explores birth plans and birth experiences, and the improvements necessary to routine labor practices to enable women to participate in decision making about their childbirth experiences. The author emphasizes that when health-care providers recognize the value of humanized childbirth and make changes accordingly, the dignity of women's childbirth experiences will be enhanced.
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Value (mathematics)
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In this study, we estimate the effects of childbirth on female labour supply by using Japanese data. The novel contributions of our study are twofold. Firstly, we include the effects of unobserved preferences on female labour supply. Secondly, we apply a dynamic version of the sequential matching approach to analyse the causal effects of childbirth on female labour market outcomes. The estimated results show that childbirth decreases current employment outcomes (participation in regular and non-regular work) and that this decrease is larger for regular employees than for non-regular employees. On the timing of childbirth, while the negative effects of childbirth on regular work increase by delaying the age at childbirth, these negative effects on non-regular employment slightly decrease by delaying the age at childbirth. On future employment outcomes, childbirth does not affect the probability of choosing non-regular work in the next period regardless of childbearing age. By contrast, delayed childbirth decreases the probability of choosing regular work in the next period significantly.
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Background: The research on fear of childbirth and childbirth self-efficacy of pregnant women in China mainly concentrates on the late pregnancy, and there is a lack of research on the psychology of women during labor. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between fear of childbirth and childbirth self-efficacy during labor. Methods: 378 pregnant women in labor were selected by convenience sampling. They were investigated using a self-designed questionnaire, the Chinese version of Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire, and the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory. Results: The total score of fear of childbirth during labor was 31.95 ± 9.01, and the total score of childbirth self-efficacy was 212.03 ± 59.64. The total score of fear of childbirth and the score of each dimension were significantly negatively correlated with those of childbirth self-efficacy (R2 = –0.354 to –0.155, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Fear of childbirth during labor should arouse attention of medical staffs. It is necessary to enhance psychological support and childbirth self-efficacy during labor to reduce the fear of childbirth.
Self-Efficacy
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Abstract A negative childbirth experience may have long term negative effects on maternal health. New international guidelines allow a slower progress of labor in the early active phase, however a longer time in labor may influence the childbirth experience. In this population-based cohort study including 26,429 women, who gave birth between Jan 2016 to March 2020, the association between duration of the different phases of active labor and childbirth experience was studied. The women assessed their childbirth experience by visual analogue scale (VAS) score. Data including VAS score and labor time estimates were obtained from electronic medical records and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated.The prevalence of negative childbirth experience (VAS 1-3) was 4,9%. A significant association between longer duration of all phases of active labor and a negative childbirth experience (VAS 1-3) was found for primi- and multipara. The aOR for negative childbirth experience and longer time in active labor in primipara was 1.88, 95% CI (1.59-2.22) and for multipara aOR 1.90, 95% CI (1.59-2.28).It is of great importance to identify and optimize the clinical care of women with prolonged labor to reduce the risk of negative childbirth experience and associated adverse long-term effects.
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This study estimates the effects of childbirth on female labour supply using Japanese data. The original contributions of our study are twofold. First, we include the preference for having children as a time-varying confounding variable in the effects of childbirth on female labour supply. Second, we apply a dynamic version of the sequential matching approach to analyse the causal effects of childbirth on female labour market outcomes. The results show that childbirth decreases current employment outcomes (participation as regular and non-regular workers) and that this decrease is more pronounced among regular workers than non-regular workers. At the time of childbirth, while the negative effects of childbirth on choosing regular work increase when childbirth age is delayed, the negative effects on choosing non-regular work are slightly decreased by delaying the age of childbirth. Regarding future employment outcomes, childbirth does not affect the probability of choosing non-regular work in the next period, regardless of childbirth age. In contrast, delayed childbirth decreases the probability of choosing regular work in the next period significantly.
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This quasi-experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of childbirth preparation model on childbirth experience for primipara and their supporters. The samples, 37 pregnant women and their supporters, were recruited by purposive sampling from an antenatal clinic in the tertiary care hospital, Southern Thailand. The participants in treatment group (18 pairs) were received the childbirth preparation model, such as briefly anatomy and mechanism of labor, sign and symptoms of childbirth, physical exercises and relaxed practices, caring for birth assist and risk of operative obstetrics, and visiting the labor room. The supporters were received the same knowledge as pregnant women and were learnt about their roles during the first stage of labor and the recovery stage as well. The participants in control group were received the standard care of antenatal clinic and labor room. The data were collected after child delivery giving birth within 48 hours, using primipara’s experience and supporters’ experience of childbirth questionnaires. Both questionnaires were tested the reliability, with the tests range of 0.74 - 0.84. Mean primipara’s experience and supporters’ experience of childbirth scores in treatment group were higher than the control group’s (p < 0.05). These indicated pregnant women and their supporters who were prepared for childbirth were more likely to have positive experience about childbirth. The findings from this study suggest that the childbirth preparation model should be used for promoting childbirth experience of primipara and their supporters.
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Objectives: This study was conducted to determine factors related to childbirth satisfaction in women who experienced psychological traumatic childbirth. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to examine 375 postpartum women who had experienced psychological traumatic childbirth according to criterion A of the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 [A]). Data-gathering tools were the demographic and obstetric characteristics questionnaire and Mackey childbirth satisfaction questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 24.0), and independent t test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, as well as multivariate linear regression test were used to perform data analysis. Results: The mean (standard deviation) of the delivery satisfaction score was 120.09 (27.11) out of 170. The predictors of satisfaction with delivery in women who had experienced psychological traumatic childbirth included type of delivery (P < 0.001), accordance of the delivery with the desired delivery (P = 0.013), and analgesia (P = 0.02). Conclusions: It seems that with continuous training and counseling about the type of delivery, the mother’s participation in delivery decisions, and also providing a variety of analgesia methods during delivery can increase childbirth satisfaction and reduce psychological traumatic childbirth.
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Cross-sectional study
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Effective support during childbirth reduces the need for intervention during childbirth and therefore increases women's chances of experiencing normal births. Two theoretical explanations have been suggested for these positive effects: one is that effective support during childbirth aids the passage of the fetus through the pelvic and soft tissues; the other is that it decreases the stress response to childbirth. This article reviews the literature surrounding effective support in childbirth.
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