A Study of an X-band FMCW Radar for Small Object Detection
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This paper presents the design of the low-cost x-band frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar for small object detection. The FMCW radar is implemented at the frequency range of 10 GHz (X-band). The horn antenna is designed to construct the array antenna with an antenna gain of 23 dBi. The radar targets are composed of a square wooden post, circular cross-section metal rod and square metal plate. The experiment will be conducted in an anechoic chamber. The experiment results of the three radar targets are illustrated. Also, the moving detection of a square metal plate will be performed. The result showed that the proposed system is efficiently employed to detect small objects.Keywords:
Anechoic chamber
Radar cross-section
Abstract : The principles of a bistatic, forward-looking system for location and identification of isolated, shallow sub surface objects are described. Experimental data obtained using such a system at L (1.55 MHz and 3.5 MHz) is described, and the results of signal/image processing based on simple, approximate models are presented. The results indicate modest success in isolating target signatures under ideal testbed conditions, and indicate the need for improved modeling.
Ground-Penetrating Radar
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Abstract—Active microwave SAR imaging of the Earth’s surface is commonly considered to be of all weather capability. However, as the operating frequencies of SAR-systems are increasing, visible image distortions due to heavy precipitation in SAR-images may become present. This holds especially for the case of convective rain events imaged at X–band frequencies and beyond. These rain-cell signatures are thoroughly investigated, and the physical background of the related propagation effects is provided. A review of rain-cell signatures from former missions like SIR-C/X-SAR and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission are provided. Furthermore, the German spaceborne satellite TerraSAR-X delivered several measurements, which facilitate to study precipitation effects in SAR-images. Based on this SAR-images and simultaneously acquired weather radar measurements, a quantitative estimation of precipitation effects in SAR-images is presented. In a further step, an attempt is made to extrapolate the effects observed in X-band SAR images to images acquired at higher nominal frequency bands such as Ka-band.
Space-based radar
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The performance and capabilities of bi- and multistatic spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are analyzed. Such systems can be optimized for a broad range of applications like frequent monitoring, wide swath imaging, single-pass cross-track interferometry, along-track interferometry, resolution enhancement or radar tomography. Further potentials arises from digital beamforming on receive, which allows to gather additional information about the direction of the scattered radar echoes. This directional information can be used to suppress interferences, to improve geometric and radiometric resolution, or to increase the unambiguous swath width. Furthermore, a coherent combination of multiple receiver signals will allow for a suppression of azimuth ambiguities. For this, a reconstruction algorithm is derived, which enables a recovery of the unambiguous Doppler spectrum also in case of non-optimum receiver aperture displacements leading to a non-uniform sampling of the SAR signal. This algorithm has also a great potential for systems relying on the displaced phase center (DPC) technique, like the high resolution wide swath (HRWS) SAR or the split antenna approach in the TerraSAR-X and Radarsat II satellites.
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A technique for producing radiometrically calibrated SAR image products is described. The output imagery is corrected to represent a measurement of the ground reflectivity or radar cross section. The sources of calibration errors are discussed and the appropriate forms of the radar equation as applied to SAR-image data are reviewed. A key result is the radar equation dependence on the azimuth reference function used in processing. A radiometric correction algorithm for use in an operational SAR correlator is presented. This algorithm has the characteristic that it is fully reversible. Additionally, it can be applied equally to detected or complex SAR images, and it allows for the subtraction of the estimated noise floor in the image but does not require this procedure.
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Pairs of terrair-imaging radar images may be viewed and measured stereoscopically in order to obtain elevation data for topographic mapping. An analysis of the technical and economic considerations in selecting flight parameters for mapping projects is presented. Both parallel and right-angle flightpaths are considered. The results indicate that systems as presently constituted have the potential to produce data adequate for original medium-scale mapping, and that the right-angle mode is superior to the parallel-flightpath mode under the assumptions made if psychophysical difficulties in image fusion are not encountered. /Author/
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Sensor-management in tracking consists of sensor mode control and scheduling, target selection, and situation assessment. In a dynamic environment, airborne radar necessitates active mode control for the acquisition of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image of stationary targets. This paper discusses the control, fusion, and management of SAR sensors for target tracking and identification. 1.0 Introduction An airborne or spaceborne platform, that includes radar, requires active control for determining when to collect and integrate radar scans to form a SAR image as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Ground Track Spotlight Mode Figure 1. Spotlight Mode Radar. h b 0 3 3 3 3 . 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 2 0
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A block of 24 overlapping synthetic aperture side-looking radar images flown over a well mapped area of about 90,000 sq km provided an opportunity to evaluate the mapping accuracy achieved in current radar mosaicking projects. The maps of scale 1:24,000 that are available in the imaged area permitted the study of the geometric errors of the radar mosaics and of individual radar strips. An estimate was obtained for the effect of the distribution and density of ground control points and for the accuracy of different mosaicking methods that are currently employed with synthetic aperture radar images. It is shown that a successful radar mosaicking process requires the elimination of image errors of up to several kilometers. These errors are introduced as a result of the limited precision of the inertial aircraft navigation. An example of a radar mapping effort in which the navigation errors could be eliminated is presented. The resulting radar mosaics have residual RMS mapping errors of planimetry of about plus or minus 150 m.
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