Application of magnetic nanomaterials as resonance light scattering sensors
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Biomolecule
Nanomaterials
We present an undergraduate-level experiment using a conventional absorption spectrophotometer to measure the wavelength dependence of light scattering from small dielectric spheres suspended in water. The experiment yielded total scattering cross-section values throughout the visible region that were in good agreement with theoretical values predicted by the Rayleigh and Mie theories.
Absorption cross section
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Dust particles and occasional moisture condensations are an unavoidable reality of all wind tunnels. On the path to pursue a goal of velocity and temperature measurements in high-speed wind tunnels we have created a tabletop, spectrally resolved, Rayleigh-Mie scattering setup around a small jet fed by ambient air and air with different particle concentration to determine the accuracy of the technique. The other reality of a wind tunnel setup is the flare light from spurious scattering of the incident laser beam by solid surfaces. Such lights further contaminate the Rayleigh-Mie scattered light. This is simulated by backgrounds with different reflectivity towards the collection optics. Light from a CW laser is delivered via an optical fiber and the scattered light from a point on the laser path is spectrally resolved using a stabilized Fabry-Perot interferometer, followed by imaging on an EMCCD camera. A model of the combined spectra from laser flare, Mie scattered and Rayleigh scattered light was fitted to the camera images using maximum likelihood estimation. It was observed that the present modeling approach can extract velocity and temperature with reasonable accuracy when the intensity of the Mie scattered light is less than or comparable to that of the Rayleigh scattered light; beyond that level of Mie scattering error in velocity measurement remains reasonable ±12m/s, but the temperature measurement becomes progressively more inaccurate. Increasingly, the flare light is found to cause a bias error in velocity. Similar trend is observed in the presence of both the flare light and the Mie scattered light. The setup has provided a set of data for the future improvement of the modeling procedure and demonstrated that even in the case of large amount of dust particles and large flare light, the present technique can provide measurement of velocity with reasonable accuracy.
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X-ray scattering techniques
Static light scattering
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When Na2S2O3 reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid,insoluble solid sulfur molecules emerge in the solution.The diameter of the sulfur molecules is less than the wavelength of visible light.Some sulfur molecules can agglomerate to form particles with their diameters similar to or bigger then the wavelength of visible light.If white light passes through the liquid during the reaction,Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering can be observed.In Rayleigh scattering,the light polarization can also be observed.
Visible spectrum
Agglomerate
Hydrochloric acid
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The four nonzero light-scattering matrix element curves for spheres near the Rayleigh and Rayleigh–Gans limit are calculated using Mie theory and compared as the respective limits are approached by a large, high-refractive-index Mie sphere.
Matrix (chemical analysis)
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A rapid tool for the characterization of submicron particles is light spectroscopy. Rayleigh-Debye-Gans and Mie theories provide light scattering solutions that can be evaluated within the time constants required for continuous real time monitoring applications, as in characterization of biological particles. A multiwavelength assessment of Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for spheres was conducted over the UV-Vis wavelength range where strict adherence to the limits of the theory at a single wavelength could not be met. Reported corrections to the refractive indices were developed to extend the range of application of the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans approximation. The results of this study show that there is considerable disagreement between Rayleigh-Debye-Gans and Mie theory across the UV-Vis spectrum.
Debye
Characterization
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We present a simple analytical effective medium approximation (EMA) that can account for finite-sized and interacting inclusions in the Rayleigh scattering regime. The polarizability of an individual inclusion is calculated using the Mie solution and net polarizability is formed, leading to effective parameters. The Mie coefficients are expanded into polynomials and curtailed to the sixth order, which is accurate in the Rayleigh regime. Results obtained using the developed models are compared with experimental results and existing EMAs. The analytical formula outperforms other EMAs for large inclusion sizes, high filling factors, and high relative refractive indices.
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Mie theory was applied to the light scattering from a coaxial and circular cylinder.The methods were proposed to evaluate the parameters of the cylinders from the light scattering experiment.The light scattering experiments were performed on the E-glass fiber of 2.5 um in radius coated and uncoated with polystyrene, and the results were compared to the calculated ones.It was shown that the parameters obtained from the light scattering experiments agree with those obtained by other methods like an optical microscope investigation.The theoretical expression for the light scattering from the coaxial cylinder in Rayleigh-Gans Born (R.G.B.) criterion was also derived and compared with the Mie results.
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