Trichoderma and Phosphite Elicited Distinctive Secondary Metabolite Signatures in Zucchini Squash Plants
Luigi FormisanoBegoña Miras‐MorenoMichele CirielloChristophe El‐NakhelGiandomenico CorradoLuigi LuciniGiuseppe CollaYoussef Rouphael
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Abstract:
Plant biostimulants are “green” solutions to improve crop production. Trichoderma spp. and phosphites, ordinarily used as biocontrol agents, can trigger phytostimulation, also promoting endogenous mechanisms involved in plant growth and development. The present study aimed at assessing the efficacy of a phosphite-based formulation (Phosphit-One) and Trichoderma harzianum-T22 on the morpho-physiological response and modulation of the metabolomics profile in zucchini squash plants (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivated in controlled growth conditions (Fitotron®). The highest values of fresh biomass production (390.9 g plant−1) and root dry weight (5.6 g plant−1) were obtained for Trichoderma-treated plants. This last treatment resulted in an improved physiological performance (SPAD index, CO2 assimilation rate, and Fv/Fm ratio) measured 30 days after transplanting. Both Trichoderma and phosphite treatments induced a broad metabolic reprogramming in leaves, evident also for the phosphite treatment that did not result in a growth promotion. The microbial and the non-microbial treatments showed distinctive signatures in secondary metabolism yet, common responses could be also highlighted. For instance, both Trichoderma and phosphite triggered ROS-mediated signaling processes, together with the accumulation of phenylpropanoids, glucosinolates, and phytoalexins. Furthermore, a significant alteration of phytohormones was observed, with terpenoid gibberellins and brassinosteroids showing the largest differences. The metabolomic signatures induced by Trichoderma and phosphite in zucchini squash provided molecular insights into the processes underlying elicitation of plant defense due to biostimulation. Interestingly, the modulation of plant secondary metabolism by both treatments did not impair plant growth.Keywords:
Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma
Squash
Secondary metabolism
Secondary metabolite
Cucurbita pepo
In summer squash correct spacing is one of the most vital factors in agricultural plant growth because it helps plants to develop to their maximum potential above and below ground. Plant density is another major factor influencing production. Inter-species competition, in general, reduces production at too high populations. However, with very low populations, environmental elements such as light, space, water, and soil are not properly exploited, resulting in an overall decrease in yield. A field experiment was conducted during July - September in 2022, at the farmer’s field at Sorakalnatham, Natrampalli taluk, Tirupattur district, Tamil Nadu. The experimental design used was randomized block layout with three replications and four treatments. In respect of growth parameter wider plant spacing T4 (2m x 1m) i.e., lower plant density produced maximum plant height (69.52 cm), number of branches/plant (3.63), number of leaves/plant (17.85) and number nodes/plant (15.39). The flowering characters was lowest value was recorded in wider plant spacing viz., days to first male flower (28.49), days to first female flower (33.42), and lowest number of male flower/plant (25.46), highest number of female flower plant-1 (7.79). And also yield parameters of fruit length (41.94 cm), fruit girth (33.54 cm), single fruit weight (1.29 kg), number of fruits/plant (5.45) and fruit yield/plant (6.51 kg) was maximum was produced in wider plant spacing except fruit yield/ha (54.15 t/ha) at closer spacing. The above said treatment was found to be on par with the treatment T3 (2m x 0.5m).
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The objective of this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of four compounds ; achook 0.15% (Azadirachtin) ; cloves-oil (Syzyguim aromaticu) ;Plant extracts damaseia (Ambrosia maritime) and selecron 72.0%EC. (Profenofos) for controlling some squash plants pests; whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.);Aphis gossypii (Glover.), as well as its effects on squash leaves chlorophyll contents.Obtained results cleared that cloves oil exhibited the highest reduction percentages of A. gossypii (97.0and 796.9) followed by damaseia extract (94.2&95.1),achook o.15 % (93.0&92.3),while, selecron was the lowest one (89.7and788.2) after five days of treatment during 2011 and 2012 seasons.While, whitefly reduction percentages after five days of treatment showed that damaseia extract exhibited the highest reduction (100and100) and(98.2and100) of both adult and immature stages ,followed by selecron 72.0% (100& 89.7) and (97.5 &85.0), cloves oil (97.5 &91.2) ,(96.3 &89.4) and achook 0.15% (95.2 &83.2), (90.9 &82.3) during the two seasons respectively.Squash leaves chlorophyll (a, b ) was the highest with cloves oil treatment, followed by damaseia extract,while it was lowest with both achook and selecron treatments. Chemical compounds tested:1-The organophosphorus compound, Profenofos(Selecron72%EC), produced by Novartis Company Switzerland.Chemical name: O-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-5-ethyl-S-Propylphosphoro thioate.It was applicated at rate namely 187.5 ml ml / 100 L water.2-The botanical insecticides: Azadirachtin 1500 ppm (Achook 0.15%) [neem kernel based EC containing Azadirachtin 0.15%ww (1500ppm), Azadirachta indica A., Fam: Meliaceae].Produced by Bahar Agrochem and Foods Pvt. Ltd., India.Achook 0.15% application rate was also 187.5 ml / 100 L water.3-The natural oil, Cloves-oil was bought from the local market and applicated at 250 ml / 100 L water.Scientific Name Syzyguim aromaticu, English name: Cloves-oil (Family Myrtaceae).Tested Part was Eugenol.4-Plant extracts damaseia (Family Compostiae , Ambrosia maritime ) applicated at 300 ml / 100 L water
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The effect of magnetized water on the growth and some biochemical parameters of squash (Cucurbita pepo) plants under toxicity of herbicide trifluralin
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