Seed biostimulant Bacillus sp. MGW9 improves the salt tolerance of maize during seed germination
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Abstract Crop performance is seriously affected by high salt concentrations in soils. To develop improved seed pre-sowing treatment technologies, it is crucial to improve the salt tolerance of seed germination. Here, we isolated and identified the strain Bacillus sp. MGW9 and developed the seed biostimulant MGW9. The effects of seed biopriming with the seed biostimulant MGW9 in maize ( Zea mays L.) under saline conditions were studied. The results show that the strain Bacillus sp. MGW9 has characteristics such as salt tolerance, nitrogen fixation, phosphorus dissolution, and indole-3-acetic acid production. Seed biopriming with the seed biostimulant MGW9 enhanced the performance of maize during seed germination under salinity stress, improving the germination energy, germination percentage, shoot/seedling length, primary root length, shoot/seedling fresh weight, shoot/seedling dry weight, root fresh weight and root dry weight. Seed biostimulant MGW9 biopriming also alleviated the salinity damage to maize by improving the relative water content, chlorophyll content, proline content, soluble sugar content, root activity, and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase, while decreasing the malondialdehyde content. In particular, the field seedling emergence of maize seeds in saline-alkali soil can be improved by biopriming with the seed biostimulant MGW9. Therefore, maize seed biopriming with the seed biostimulant MGW9 could be an effective approach to overcoming the inhibitory effects of salinity stress and promoting seed germination and seedling growth.Keywords:
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Salinity is one of most significant environmental stresses. Marigold is moderately tolerant to salinity stress. Therefore, in this study, the fresh weights of roots and shoots, rootFW/shootFW ratio, moisture content of shoots, micronutrient and macronutrient concentrations and ratios of K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ in the roots and shoots of marigold were determined under salinity stress. Five salinity treatments (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl) were maintained. In the current study, salinity affected the biomass of marigold. An increase of more than 100 mM in salt concentrations significantly reduced the shoot fresh weight. Increasing salinity stress increased the ratios of rootFW/shootFW, which were more significant under high salt levels (150 and 200 mM NaCl). Wet basis moisture contents of the shoots were reduced when salinity stress increased above 100 mM. In this study, salinity stress affected micronutrient and macronutrient uptake. Increases in the salt concentration and decreases in the concentration of Cu2+ and Zn2+ in the roots and Mn2+ and Fe2+ in the shoots were significant. Based on an increase in salinity stress, while the Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ concentrations increased, the K+ concentration decreased in the roots and shoots. Moreover, the K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios of the roots and shoots were significantly lower than those of the control in all of the salinity treatments. As a result, under increasing salinity stress, the Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+ uptakes in marigold were significant, revealing the effects of stress.
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Abstract The influence of root and shoot pruning on the growth of transplanted 3-year-old Ilex crenata ‘Convexa’ × I. crenata ‘Stokes’ was determined under various backfill regimes. Root pruning reduced shoot dry weight increment 24% but only reduced root dry weight increment 6%. Root pruning caused water deficits to develop which can quantitatively account for the reduced shoot growth. Shoot pruning reduced root dry weight increment without influencing shoot dry weight increment. Adjustments of the means for altered tissue water content caused by shoot pruning resulted in decreased root and shoot dry weight increment. Root and shoot pruning influenced plant growth directly — by influencing growth mediating processes, and indirectly — by influencing plant water relations. Root growth was influenced primarily by growth mediating processes while shoot growth responded to both growth mediating processes and plant water relations.
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Root (linguistics)
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To investigate the magnitude of proline accumulation under different salinity levels, a salinity-imposed experiment was conducted. The peanut seedlings were cultured hydroponically for 7 days before imposing salinity and then grown further for another 7 days under salinity-loaded condition. Results showed that shoot dry matter, relative water content, chlorophyll and K + decreased significantly with increasing salinity. In contrast, Na + , hydrogen peroxide and proline increased with increasing salinity level. Free proline content increased abruptly at medium and high salinity levels. Interestingly, the lowest level of dry matter (an indicator of tolerance/sensitivity) accompanied by the highest accumulation of proline at 200 mM NaCl puts a question mark on the well-documented role of proline in relation to salinity tolerance. The underlying mechanism is discussed in detail in the current study.
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Abstract The tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L. C.V. Earlirose) to various trace metal excesses was tested to determine if high levels of the trace metals found in some field‐grown plants were at toxicity levels. In one experiment, levels of 2200 μg Zn/g dry weight, 44 μg Cu/g dry weight, 4400 μg Mn/g dry weight, and 32 μg Pb/g dry weight in shoots of young plants had no adverse effects on vegetative yields. A level of 3160μgZn/ g dry weight decreased yields about 40% (P = . 05). In another test 51 μg Cu/g dry weight or 94 μg Pb/g dry weight did not decrease vegetative yields. Boron supplied at 10‐3 MH3BO3 not only caused no toxicity but resulted in only 144 μg B/g dry weight in shoots. Root levels of Zn were about equal to those in shoots; Mn levels were lower in roots than in shoots (1/4 to 1/10); B levels were generally low in both shoots and roots with roots 1/10 that of shoots; Cu levels were higher in roots than in shoots. Rice was tolerant of a high level of Cr. The tolerance of rice to high levels of some trace metals in these experiments may be related to high P levels in plants.
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Growth response and composition of long chain polyisoprenoid of minor secretor Xylocarpus granatum Koenig seedlings to salinity was studied in the greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture and Laboratory of Forest Ecology, University of Sumatera Utara. Research was started from July to November 2014. This study used five levels of salinity, namely 0%, 0,5%, 1,5%, 2% and 3% X. granatum where seedlings were grown for 3 months. The best result was obtained at 0,5% salinity, seedling height at 0,5% salinity, diameter seedlings in salinity 0%, number of leaves at 2% salinity, leaf area at 2% salinity, wet weight of sample was at 0,5%, wet weight shoot at a salinity of 0,5%, wet weight of the stem at a salinity of 0,5%, root dry weight in salinity 0%, shoot dry weight at 2% salinity, stem dry weight at 0,5% salinity, and sample dry weight at 0,5% salinity. Chromatogram showed that X. granatum seedlings contained dolichol in the leaves and roots under 0% salinity concentration. Keywords: Mangrove, morphology, polyisoprenoid, salinity, X. granatum Koenig.
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Objective: A laboratory experiment was conducted to know the effect of BGA extract on seedling growth. Methods: Different concentrations of algal extract were used for seed treatment (25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and untreated) in crops viz., Chilli, Tomato, Carrot, Beans, Maize, Paddy and Ragi were. Then the observation on shoot length, root length, seedling length and seedling dry weight were recorded. Results: In this study significantly higher (11.45 cm) shoot length was recorded in BGA @100%. Significant differences were recorded among the crops when they subjected for various concentrations of BGA for shoot length. Significantly higher (18.93 cm) root length was observed in Maize and lower (6.99 cm) shoot length was recorded in Cucumber. Meanwhile, higher (11.57 cm) root length was recorded in BGA @ 50% concentration. Among crops higher (21.22 cm) root length was observed in Maize and lower (5.52 cm) root length was recorded in Ragi. However, higher (22.42 cm) mean seedling length was recorded in BGA @75% concentration. Significantly higher (40.14 cm) seedling length was observed in Maize and lower (12.92 cm) seedling length was recorded in Ragi. Seedling dry weight varied significantly, higher (21.26 mg) Seedling dry weight was recorded in BGA @100% concentration meanwhile, higher (63.71 mg) seedling dry weight was observed in Maize and lower (4.22 mg) seedling dry weight was recorded in Carrot. And lower shoot length (7.99 cm), root length (8.05 cm), seedling length (16.04 cm) seedling dry weight (16.85 mg) were observed in control. Conclusion: The results revealed that algal extract able to increase the seedling growth.
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Effects of water stress and phosphorus on growth of Kentucky Bluegrass were conducted under hydronic culture condition in greenhouse.The results showed that whether there is water stress or not,fresh weights of shoots,dry weights of shoots,dry weights of roots were increased significantly and ratios of roots to shoots were decreased with the increase of phosphorus addition.Increase of fresh weights of shoots,dry weights of shoots,dry weights of roots were inhibited by water stress,and fresh weights of shoots,dry weights of shoots,dry weights of roots,water contents of shoots were decreased significantly and ratios of roots to shoots were increased by water stress at the same phosphorus treatment.The inhibition of water stress on fresh weights of shoots,dry weights of shoots,dry weights of roots of Midnight was smaller than that of Brilliant.
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Water Stress
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Plant growth regulators, especially those applied directly to the root system, are thought to significantly reduce growth of the root systems. Various perennials were treated with uniconazole (Concise, Fine Americas, Inc.) to evaluate effects on plant height as well as shoot and root dry weights. Plant height of Lobelia cardinalis was not affected by a 1 ppm uniconazole liner dip, but shoot dry weight was reduced 52% and root dry weight 41% at 8 weeks after treatment (WAT) relative to untreated control, resulting in a root:shoot ratio comparable to the control. A 60 ppm uniconazole spray application reduced plant height of Stokesia laevis ‘Silver Moon’ over 40% at and beyond 4 WAT. Shoot dry weight of these treated plants at 8 WAT was 57% less than that of control plants while root dry weight was reduced 42%. This differential effect on shoots and roots resulted in a root:shoot ratio that was higher than that of the control plants. Reductions in root dry weight appear to correspond to reductions in shoot dry weight but the root:shoot ratio is not generally reduced. Higher root:shoot ratios are associated with better field establishment of transplants so maintenance of comparable root:shoot ratios should indicate comparable establishment rates.
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Herbaceous plant
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Abstract This study was undertaken to examine the effects of NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 salinity on the growth of carrot ( Daucus carota L.) and the concentrations of essential and nonessential elements in the shoots and storage roots determined by polarized energy dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (PEDXRF). Both types of salinity reduced plant growth, but growth reduction in NaCl salinity was more pronounced. Na concentrations in shoots and roots were increased by salinity treatment. The concentration of Cl was also increased by NaCl salinity. Salinity treatments decreased K concentrations in the shoots and storage roots, and Ca concentrations in the shoots. Concentration of P in shoots and roots, and S, Mg, and Si in roots were not significantly affected by salinity treatments, while the NaCl salinity reduced S and Si and increased Mg concentrations in the shoots. Fe, Zn, Mn and Mo concentrations in the shoots were not significantly affected by salinity treatments. In the storage roots, the concentration of Fe was significantly increased by NaCl salinity, while Na 2 SO 4 salinity significantly increased Zn and Mn concentrations in storage roots. Concentration of Al in the storage roots was significantly higher with NaCl treatment than with Na 2 SO 4 treatment. Ni concentrations in the shoots were strongly increased by NaCl salinity, while concentrations of Br in the shoots and storage roots were significantly reduced by NaCl salinity. Rb concentrations in shoots and storage roots were significantly reduced by Na 2 SO 4 salinity, but not by NaCl salinity. Concentration of Cs in the shoots was increased by both types of salinity, but Cs concentration of the roots was increased by Na 2 SO 4 . Concentration of Ba in the shoots was lowered by Na 2 SO 4 treatment, while it was increased in the roots by Na 2 SO 4 salinity. Salinity did not affect the Ce concentration in the shoots but increased it in the storage root, and NaCl salinity increased U concentration in the roots of the carrot plants. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Daucus carota
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The response of jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneid] plants to salinity was studied in solution culture. At concentrations of 0, 100, 200 and 600 m-mol l−1 NaCI it was found that jojoba plants have high tolerance to NaCl. The growth of these plants was not affected by salinity. They accumulated large amounts of Cl−, Na+ and proline. These amounts decreased rapidly in plants transferred back to control medium. Potassium content decreased in NaCl-treated plants and tended to increase rapidly to the control level in plants transferred to control medium. The effect of salinity on water balance was not appreciable. As suggested for other xerophytic species, it could be assumed that the high tolerance of jojoba to salinity plays an important role in its ability to endure periods of drought. The role of proline during or after stress remains an open question.
Osmoregulation
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