In search of convergent regional brain abnormality in cognitive emotion regulation: A transdiagnostic neuroimaging meta‐analysis
Tina khodadadifarZahra SoltaninejadAmir EbneabbasiClaudia R. EickhoffChristian SorgThilo van EimerenKai VogeleyMojtaba ZareiSimon B. EickhoffMasoud Tahmasian
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Abstract Ineffective use of adaptive cognitive strategies (e.g., reappraisal) to regulate emotional states is often reported in a wide variety of psychiatric disorders, suggesting a common characteristic across different diagnostic categories. However, the extent of shared neurobiological impairments is incompletely understood. This study, therefore, aimed to identify the transdiagnostic neural signature of disturbed reappraisal using the coordinate‐based meta‐analysis (CBMA) approach. Following the best‐practice guidelines for conducting neuroimaging meta‐analyses, we systematically searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases and tracked the references. Out of 1,608 identified publications, 32 whole‐brain neuroimaging studies were retrieved that compared brain activation in patients with psychiatric disorders and healthy controls during a reappraisal task. Then, the reported peak coordinates of group comparisons were extracted and several activation likelihood estimation (ALE) analyses were performed at three hierarchical levels to identify the potential spatial convergence: the global level (i.e., the pooled analysis and the analyses of increased/decreased activations), the experimental‐contrast level (i.e., the analyses of grouped data based on the regulation goal, stimulus valence, and instruction rule) and the disorder‐group level (i.e., the analyses across the experimental‐contrast level focused on increasing homogeneity of disorders). Surprisingly, none of our analyses provided significant convergent findings. This CBMA indicates a lack of transdiagnostic convergent regional abnormality related to reappraisal task, probably due to the complex nature of cognitive emotion regulation, heterogeneity of clinical populations, and/or experimental and statistical flexibility of individual studies.Keywords:
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Research shows that cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation (ER) strategy that often has clear benefits. Yet, surprisingly, recent findings demonstrate that people use cognitive reappraisal less frequently than might be expected (Suri, Whittaker, & Gross, 2015). We employ cognitive energetics theory (CET) to explain this puzzling behavior. CET posits that the likelihood of launching any cognitive process is a function of two opposing forces: the driving force (i.e., the motivation to launch the process) and the restraining force (i.e., task difficulty). We thus hypothesized that people choose to use cognitive reappraisal relatively rarely because of the difficulty of implementing it. We also postulated that the decision to reappraise (or not) does not simply depend on stimuli emotional intensity because the latter is associated with both the driving and the restraining forces. In support of our hypotheses, we found that when the images' emotional intensity posed difficulty for reappraisal (i.e., highly intense images), reducing this difficulty by asking participants to merely predict others' (Study 1) or their own choices (Study 2) increased reappraisal choice. Finally, in Study 3, we show that a relatively easy to implement reappraisal strategy was chosen more often than the more difficult one for high (but not low) intensity images. These findings illustrate the relevance of a CET-based motivational analysis to emotion regulation choice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Background: New onset afebrile seizures are very common in children. They are diagnosed by neuroimaging techniques. The aim of the present study was to examine the presenting characteristics and to assess and compare the prevalence of neuroimaging and neurological abnormalities in new onset afebrile seizures in children.Methods: This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital at Chennai during the period from July 2014 to August 2016. Out of 65 patients included in the study, 58 had an MRI, 5 had a CT scan and 2 patients had a neurosonogram. All the findings were documented in the proforma and evaluated for incidence of neuroimaging abnormality in children.Results: The most common age group to be affected was the adolescent age group followed by the infantile group. The most common presentation noticed was generalized seizures 72% (47/65). Among the primary generalized seizures, GTCS 57% (27/47) was the most common. Of the 65 patients in our study, 22 had Neuroimaging abnormality and 16 had neurological abnormality. The most common abnormalities seen in various neuroimaging studies were ring enhancing lesions 10 (45%). Ring enhancing lesions were more common in the adolescent age group, while structural disorder was more common in the infantile age group.Conclusions: Neuroimaging techniques helped in finding the brain developmental abnormalities among children with afebrile seizures.
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Traditional theories of emotion have emphasised the automatic and unconscious nature of emotion generation and hence emotion regulation via antecedent and response focused strategies. Response strategies either inhibit the
expression of an emotional response or modulate it via cognitive reappraisal. Antecedent strategies involve avoidance behaviour i. e. avoiding situations in which
the emotional response is likely to occur. Recent evidence has now demonstrated, however, that the cognitive and emotional systems are highly interactive and that
conscious attention may be necessary to generate emotion. Conscious attention can be controlled via executive functioning and the requirements of immediate goals.
This evidence opens up the possibility of regulating emotions by executive functioning on-line i. e. as they occur.
The aim of this thesis was to investigate on-going emotion generation and the mechanisms and processes that regulate it. A series of experiments manipulated cognitive functioning via direct instructions to Feel and Not Feel emotional responses to negative and neutral pictures and, indirectly, by manipulating cognitive resources available for processing the pictures. Participants in the latter experiments were required to maintain visual attention to the stimuli in order to rate the strength of their emotional responses to them whilst simultaneously holding in mind pictures or words requiring a subsequent same-different decision to a following item. It was believed that depleting cognitive resources could attenuate emotional responses.
Results from the experiments showed that emotional responses can be attenuated by depleting cognitive resources available for processing emotional stimuli; an explanation that can explain both direct and indirect manipulations of cognitive functioning. It was not clear, however, whether emotion generation is not automatic or whether automatic processing requires some input from cognitive resources. Further research is also required to discover whether the cognitive resources required to generate emotions involve executive functioning for visual
attentional processing, to maintain conscious attention for higher order processing, or for low level cognitive appraisals.
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Introduction: Seizure is a paroxysmal event due to abnormal, excessive, hyper synchronous discharges from aggregates of CNS. Epileptic seizures are episodes that can vary from brief and nearly undetectable to long periods of vigorous shaking. These episodes can result in physical injuries to the patients. Aim: To study the clinical profile and correlations of neuroimaging and EEG in epileptic patients. Materials and methods: This study was done at L G Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat State. The patients admitted with seizures were included after considering the exclusion criteria. The seizures in these patients were classified as per the classification of International classification of epileptic seizures. Results: Out of 142 patients, 60 patients had no abnormality on neuroimaging. 82 patients had some structural abnormality on neuroimaging. EEG was normal in 100 patients, while abnormal spike and wave and epileptiform discharge was found in 42 patients. 46 patients had normal EEG as well as normal MRI scan, while 28 patients had abnormal MRI and abnormal EEG. Conclusion: A significant correlation was observed between EEG changes and structural abnormality on neuroimaging
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Seizure is one of the common manifestations of various diseases
in children and it is also an important cause of morbidity and mortality in
childhood. Though there are lots of investigations, EEG and Neuroimaging
(CT/MRI) are the main modalities to investigate children presenting with
seizures of varied etiology.Proper diagnosis and management helps in
improving the every day life of children with seizures.
Among 128 children in the study 108(84.4%) had an abnormal
EEG, 29 (22.7%) out of 128 had abnormal neuroimaging. 2. The most common
EEG abnormality was Bilateral Generalized epileptiform activity, which was
seen in 43.7% of children, and Gliosis was most common neuroimaging
abnormality, which was seen in 27% of children. 3. The incidence of getting
abnormal neuroimaging is similar in both focal and generalized seizures. 4. For
seizure control 82.5% of children with abnormal EEG required only one
Antiepileptic drug.
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