Melatonin elevated Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance via modulation of ATP and glucosinolate biosynthesis in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis
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Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum
Brassica rapa
Sclerotinia
Stem rot
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia
Stem rot
Fungal pathogen
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Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is an economically important disease of soybean (Glycine max) in the north-central United States and other temperate regions throughout the world. The occurrence and severity of Sclerotinia stem rot in the field is highly dependent upon prevailing environmental conditions, which can prove problematic when evaluating soybean accessions for resistance. The identification of an environmentally stable plant trait associated with resistance to S. sclerotiorum could be used to indirectly screen for resistance and would prove useful in the identification and development of resistant germplasm. Observations of the soybean-S. sclerotiorum interaction suggest a role for preformed stem lignin content in disease resistance. Although S. sclerotiorum produces numerous enzymes that degrade plant cell wall components, no lignin-degrading enzymes have been reported. Despite a hypothesized direct relationship between preformed lignin content and disease resistance, previous studies on soybean have correlated lignin content to nutritional value and not to disease resistance. We hypothesized that plants with low stem lignin are more susceptible and exhibit greater Sclerotinia stem rot severity than plants with high lignin concentrations. Six soybean accessions that varied in response to S. sclerotiorum were selected for study in a series of field experiments. Soybean stems were sampled at reproductive developmental stages that correspond to specific events in both soybean plant development and the Sclerotinia stem rot disease cycle. The lignin concentration of stem component samples was quantified. Soybean accessions expressed statistically different disease phenotypes in both 2004 and 2006. Lignin concentrations differed among accessions, growth stages, and plant parts. Results were contrary to our hypothesis, with positively ranked correlations observed between accession Sclerotinia stem rot severity and lignin concentration for all nodes and internodes assayed. For the R3 growth stage, lignin concentration of the internode between the fourth and fifth trifoliate leaves correlated best with disease severity data from each year (P = 0.005). These results indicate that resistance is related to low stem lignin concentration and that soybean stem lignin concentration can be used as a biological marker to select for resistance to S. sclerotiorum.
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia
Stem rot
Germ plasm
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Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia
Stem rot
Fungal pathogen
EC50
Stem-and-leaf display
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Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum
Stem rot
Sclerotinia
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Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia
Stem rot
EC50
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Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia
Stem rot
EC50
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Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia
Stem rot
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Using 967H and 967L as materials which kept similar characteristics in other quality and agronomic characteristics except for the glucosinolate characteristics,this study focused on the relationship between glucosinolate characteristics and resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.The results showed that whether Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was inoculated in rape leaves or occurred naturally in the fields,the high-glucosinolate lines had greater disease index than the low-glucosinolate lines.The high-glucosinolate lines kept higher activities of SOD,POD,CAT and PAL,and kept lower PPO activity and MDA content at the seedling stage.After Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was inoculated,the MDA content and SOD,POD,CAT and PAL activities in different lines kept increasing,but the PPO activity kept decreasing.The high-glucosinolate lines kept less increasing rate of SOD,POD,CAT,PAL activities and MDA content and more decreasing rate of PPO activity than the low-glucosinolate lines.Sclerotinia sclerotiorum had greater effects on the protective system of high-glucosinolate lines than low-glucosinolate lines,and the increasing(or decreasing) rate of the protective enzymes was associated with sensitivity of materials to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia
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Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is an economically important disease of canola (Brassica napus) commonly managed by routine application of fungicides. Petal infestation has been demonstrated to be an important stage of the disease cycle in canola and has been the focus of previously developed Sclerotinia stem rot risk assessment methods. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis can provide a more rapid and accurate assessment of petal infestation levels. Primers and a hydrolysis probe were designed to amplify a 70-bp region of an S. sclerotiorum-specific gene, SS1G_00263. A hydrolysis probe-based qPCR assay was developed that had a detection limit of 8.0 × 10-4 ng of S. sclerotiorum DNA and only amplified S. sclerotiorum DNA. Evaluation of petals collected at five sampling points in each of 10 commercial canola fields on each of two sampling dates (corresponding to 20 to 30% bloom and 40 to 50% bloom) revealed S. sclerotiorum DNA infestation levels of 0 to 3.3 × 10-1 ng/petal. This qPCR assay can be used to reliably quantify petal infestation and, with further research, has the potential to serve as the basis for a Sclerotinia stem rot risk assessment tool or as a means to study Sclerotinia stem rot epidemiology.
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia
Stem rot
Petal
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