Chlorinated solvent degradation in groundwater by green rust–bone char composite: solute interactions and chlorinated ethylene competition
Jing AiDominique J. ToblerCecilie Gry Duncan-JonesMaria Eckardt MannicheKirstine Evald AnderssonHans Christian Bruun Hansen
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Abstract:
Potential inhibitors in the groundwater matrix that affect bone char (BC) mediated dechlorination of chlorinated ethylenes by green rust (GR).Keywords:
Degradation
Chlorinated solvents
Rust (programming language)
Abstract Carbon tetrachloride (CTC), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) were four of the most widely used cleaning and degreasing solvents in the United States. These compounds were also used in a wide variety of other applications. The history of the production and use of these four compounds is linked to the development and growth of the United States' synthetic organic chemical industry, and historical events that affected the development and use of chlorinated solvents in general. Part 1 of this article includes a discussion of the historical background common to each of the four solvents, followed by discussion on the history of CTC and PCE. In the early years of the 20th century, CTC became the first of the four solvents to come into widespread use. CTC was used as a replacement for petroleum distillates in the dry-cleaning industry, but was later replaced by PCE. In the 1990s, CTC was phased out under the Montreal Protocol due to its role in stratospheric ozone depletion. Keywords: Chlorinated Solvents Tce Pce Tca
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorinated solvents
Chlorinated paraffins
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서론: Trichloroethylene (TCE)은 금속제품의 세척제로 널리 사용되는 무색의 휘발성 액체로, 흡입 노출에 의하여 전신 발진, 발열, 간염, 호산구증가증 등을 일으키며 이를 TCE에 의한 과민반응증후군이라 한다. TCE 과민반응증후군은 약물에 의한 과민반응증후군 또는 DRESS (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) 증후군과 매우 유사한 임상 양상을 보인다. 현재까지 국내외에서 보고된 TCE 과민반응증후군의 대부분은 작업 중 지속적인 노출2-6주후 증상이 나타나는 과정을 보이며, 저용량 노출이나 간헐적인 노출에 의하여 노출 후 많은 시간이 경과 후 발생한 TCE 과민반응증후군은 매우 드물다. 저자들은 저용량의 TCE에 간헐적으로 노출되어, 노출 3년만에 발생한 TCE 과민반응증후군을 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다. 증례: 32세 남자가 4일전부터발생한 전신 피부발진과 발열로 내원하였다. 몸통과 사지에는 홍반성 반이 관찰되었고 겨드랑과 샅굴에는 농포가 있었으며, 혈액화학검사상 AST 63 IU/L, ALT 300 IU/L, ALP 748 IU/L였다. 간염 및 자가면역질환에 대한 검사 등에서 의미있는 소견은 없었다. 피부조직검사상 림프구와 중성구 세포외유출을 동반된 해면상 피부염 및 호산구가 산재된 진피 부종과 림프구 침윤이 관찰되었다. 환자는 모터 제조회사의 연구원으로 일하고 있었으며, 약 3년전부터 일주일에한 차례, 한번에 10분 정도 모터 세척작업을 하였고 세척액은 TCE로 확인되었다. 전신 발진, 간염, 발열 등의 임상양상과 TCE를 취급한 작업력을 바탕으로 TCE 과민반응증후군으로 진단하였으며, 전신 스테로이드 치료 후 발진과 간염 모두 호전되었다. TCE 및 대사물을 이용한 첩포시험은 환자가 거절하여 시행하지 못하였다. 결론: TCE는 지속적 노출 뿐만 아니라 저용량의 간헐적 노출에 의해서도 과민반응증후군을 일으킬 수 있다. 따라서 DRESS 증후군과 유사한 양상을 보이면서 약물 복용력이 없는 환자에서는 지속적 노출이 없더라도 TCE에 의한 간헐적 노출 등에 의하여도 과민반응증후군이 발생할 수 있음을 염두에 두고 자세한 병력 청취를 해야 한다.
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Tetrachloroethylene
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Chlorinated paraffins
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This treatability study addresses the fate of volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) in an experiment that simulates a vegetated seepline supplied with trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) -contaminated groundwater. The primary objective is to determine how the trees uptake TCE and PCE, accumulate it, and/or transform it.
Chlorinated solvents
Contaminated groundwater
Tetrachloroethylene
Primary (astronomy)
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Trichloroethylene(TCE) is an organic solvent widely used in industry and commonly exists in soil and groundwater,while high concentrated TCE may lead to persistent pollution.Based on the feasibility of the degradation of high concentrated TCE,the pathway of anaerobic reductive dechlorination and the main factors influencing degradation,i.e.,electron donor and microorganism,were reviewed in this paper.Meanwhile,we discussed the impact of pH and various restricting factors on the degree and the rate of reductive dechlorination.Commonly used kinetic models for the reductive degradation kinetics were listed and compared.The trend of future research was discussed.In experiment,selecting and cultivating of dechlorination bacterium which can survive in source zones with high concentrated chlorinated ethene and the effect of electron donor substrates need further study.In numerical simulation,models are required for comprehensive simulation of biological reaction,hydrogeochemical reaction,as well as physical flow and multi-species transport in groundwater.Moreover,parameters in these models lack verification,which need further study.
Reductive Dechlorination
Chlorinated solvents
Degradation
Contaminated groundwater
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We conducted an investigation with the levels of organic chlorinated compounds such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and dichloroethylene (DCE) in groundwater of wells at 62 poists in Kawasaki city. From this investigation, cis-1, 2-DCE was detected at the higher percentage than other chlorinated compounds. High concentrations of TCE, tetrachloroetylene (PCE) and DCE were found in the Takatsu-ku area, where it was presumed that the PCE pollution of groundwater was came from soil polluted by any source before then.
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Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylene Dibromide
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Groundwater contamination with chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene or TCE, is a major environmental challenge. The development of innovative, efficient, and sustainable remediation technologies is needed. In this study, iron electrolysis is assessed as a potential technology for the remediation of TCE contaminated groundwater.
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Contaminated groundwater
Groundwater Remediation
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Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorinated solvents
Reductive Dechlorination
Contaminated groundwater
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The mutant methanotroph, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b PP358, which constitutively expresses soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO), was used to study the degradation kinetics of individual chlorinated solvents and binary solvent mixtures. Although sMMO's broad specificity permits a wide range of chlorinated solvents to be degraded, it creates the potential for competitive inhibition of degradation rates in mixtures because multiple chemicals are simultaneously available to the enzyme. To effectively design both ex-situ and in-situ groundwater bioremediation systems using strain PP358, kinetic parameters for chlorinated solvent degradation and accurate kinetic expressions to account for inhibition in mixtures are required. Toward this end, the degradation parameters for six prevalent chlorinated solvents and the verification of enzyme competition model for binary mixtures were the focus of this investigation. M. trichosporium OB3b PP358 degraded trichloroethylene (TCE), chloroform, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (c-DCE), trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (t-DCE), and 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) rapidly, with maximum substrate transformation rates of >20.8, 3.1, 9.5 24.8, and >7.5 mg/mg-day, respectively. 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) was not significantly degraded. Half-saturation coefficients ranged from 1 to greater than 10 mg/L. Competition experiments were carried out to observe the effect of a second solvent on degradation rates and to verify the applicability of the Monod model adjusted for competitive inhibition. Binary mixtures of 0.3–>0.5 mg/L TCE with up to 5 mg/L c-DCE and up to 7 mg/L 1,1,1-TCA were studied with 20 mM of formate and no growth substrate. No competition was observed at any of these concentrations. Additional competition experiments, using binary mixtures of t-DCE with TCE and t-DCE with c-DCE, were conducted at higher concentrations (i.e., 7–18 mg/L) and enzyme competition was observed. Predictions from a competitive inhibition model compared well with experimental data for these mixtures. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 65: 100–107, 1999.
Methane Monooxygenase
Chlorinated solvents
Cometabolism
Methanotroph
Degradation
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