Performance of lambs grazing on the sub-alpine pastures of Kashmir Himalayas
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The study aimed to evaluate the feed intake and growth performance of the local Kashmir merino lambs grazing on the sub-alpine pastures of the Kashmir valley in 2 seasons (summer and autumn). Kashmir merino male weaner lambs (50), 25 in each season were selected for the experiment. A 10-day digestion trial in each season was conducted by the indirect indicator method with chromium oxide as external indicator. Apparent digestibility of nutrients was higher in summer than in autumn. Feed and nutrient intakes (DMI, DMI/kg, MEI and CPI) were higher in summer than in autumn. Average daily gain was slightly more in summer (41 g/day) than in autumn (30 g/day) and animals suffered serious liveweight loss in the last two fortnights of autumn. Results indicated that sub-alpine pastures of Kashmir valley did not provide sufficient nutrients to sustain healthy sheep production thus necessitating supplementation.In a soil bioassay, adult Deroceras reticulatum (Stylommatophora: Limacidae) and three different weight-classes of young Arion lusitanicus (Stylommatophora: Arionidae) were exposed to a single dosage (170 dauer larvae per g of soil) of the nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita monoxenically associated with the bacterium Moraxella osloensis. Groups of 10 slugs were continuously exposed to nematodes for 4 days, and then transferred individually to Petri-dishes containing a disc of Chinese cabbage as food. Food consumption—measured by image analysis—and slug mortality were recorded daily for 10 days. Food consumption was inhibited in both slug species tested. D. reticulatum stopped feeding 6 days after the start of nematode treatment, while all A. lusitanicus continued to feed. However, in the three weight-classes of A. lusitanicus (0.15 g, 0.24 g, 0.45 g), food consumption was reduced by at least 50 %. The greatest reduction in feeding, nearly 90 %, was noted in the smallest A. lusitanicus. The nematodes successfully killed D. reticulatum but were less efficient at killing young A. lusitanicus. At the end of the experiment, mortality was highest in D. reticultatum (98 %) and the smallest weight-class of A. lusitanicus (47 %). There was almost no mortality in the largest weight-class of A. lusitanicus treated with nematodes. P. hermaphrodita associated with M. osloensis can thus be considered as a biological control agent for young stages of A. lusitanicus for its effect as a feeding inhibitor, rather than for its ability to kill the slugs.
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In response to DNA damage, p53 undergoes post-translational modifications (including acetylation) that are critical for its transcriptional activity. However, the mechanism by which p53 acetylation is regulated is still unclear. Here, we describe an essential role for HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (Bat3)/Scythe in controlling the acetylation of p53 required for DNA damage responses. Depletion of Bat3 from human and mouse cells markedly impairs p53-mediated transactivation of its target genes Puma and p21 . Although DNA damage-induced phosphorylation, stabilization, and nuclear accumulation of p53 are not significantly affected by Bat3 depletion, p53 acetylation is almost completely abolished. Bat3 forms a complex with p300, and an increased amount of Bat3 enhances the recruitment of p53 to p300 and facilitates subsequent p53 acetylation. In contrast, Bat3-depleted cells show reduced p53–p300 complex formation and decreased p53 acetylation. Furthermore, consistent with our in vitro findings, thymocytes from Bat3-deficient mice exhibit reduced induction of puma and p21, and are resistant to DNA damage-induced apoptosis in vivo. Our data indicate that Bat3 is a novel and essential regulator of p53-mediated responses to genotoxic stress, and that Bat3 controls DNA damage-induced acetylation of p53.
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In the present study, several multivariate analyses were carried out to assess the taxonomic relationships among European species of the genus Anthoxanthum. A total of 1787 Anthoxanthum specimens representing all European taxa were analyzed. Thirty macro-morphological (13 quantitative and 17 qualitative) and 29 micro-morphological (7 quantitative and 22 qualitative) characters were considered. First, resemblances between specimens were established independently for macro- and micro-morphological characters using Gower's similarity coefficient, and were represented by means of principal coordinates and cluster analyses. Subsequently, different multivariate analyses were applied to quantitative and qualitative macromorphological data to determine the most discriminant characters and the accuracy of the present taxonomic structure of the genus. Finally, dissimilarities among groups of individuals -species and populations- were estimated using the information radius measure and then represented in different dendrograms. Within annuals, Anthoxanthum gracile is clearly differentiated morphologically, yet no compelling morphological differentiation can be found between Anthoxanthum aristatum and Anthoxanthum ovatum. Moreover, the definition of subspecies in the annual taxa is not supported by our results. Then, within perennials, although the morphological relationships among Anthoxanthum amarum, Anthoxanthum odoratum and Anthoxanthum alpinum have also been resolved, further research is needed to assess the taxonomic position of the Macaronesian endemic Anthoxanthum maderense.
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This experiment was carried out in the artificial pasture on grassland demonstration pastoral area of Grassland Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences during June to September in 2010.The experiment was designed as rotational grazing group and continuous grazing group,there were three treatments in both rotational grazing group and continuous grazing group,there were 5 rotational grazing areas in every rotational grazing treatment,rotational grazing period was 30 days.The results showed that the effect of different grazing system on pasture dry matter yield was not significant;and that the effect of different grazing system on the nutrition of forage grass was significant(P0.05).The crude protein content of the forage grass in rotational grazing group was higher than that in continuous grazing group,while the NDF content in rotational grazing group was lower than that in continuous grazing group.There were no significant differences in weight gain of sheep between rotational grazing group and continuous grazing group.
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SUMMARY A hitherto unrecorded virus having flexible rod‐shaped particles about 740–760 × 13 nm was isolated from Anthoxanthum odoratwn L. It was transmitted by sap inoculation, but not by several species of insect, seed or soil to 18 species of Gramineae including wheat, oats and barley. In susceptible species the virus normally produced a mosaic mottling of the leaves which was sometimes followed by a necrotic streaking or striping.
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HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (BAT3) was originally identified as one of the genes located within human major histocompatibility complex. It encodes a large proline-rich protein with unknown function. In this study, we found that a fragment of the BAT3 gene product interacts with a candidate tumor suppressor, DAN, in the yeast-based two-hybrid system. We cloned the full-length rat BAT3 cDNA from a fibroblast 3Y1 cDNA library. Our sequence analysis has demonstrated that rat BAT3 cDNA is 3617 nucleotides in length and encodes a full-length BAT3 (1098 amino acids) with an estimated molecular mass of 114,801 daltons, which displays an 87.4% identity with human BAT3. The deletion experiment revealed that the N-terminal region (amino acid residues 1-80) of DAN was required for the interaction with BAT3. Green fluorescent protein-tagged BAT3 was largely localized in the cytoplasm of COS cells. Northern hybridization showed that BAT3 mRNA was expressed in all the adult rat tissues examined but predominantly in testis. In addition, the level of BAT3 mRNA expression was more downregulated in some of the transformed cells, including v-mos- and v-Ha-ras-transformed 3Y1 cells, than in the parental cells.
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Abstract The resting and grazing components of grazing management cycles as practised in South Africa are evaluated from the points of view of objective and effect. While the desirability of resting for seeding and an increase in vigour is recognized, little is known of the optimum duration and frequency of rests in the various types of grazing. The upper limit of camp numbers per group of animals beyond which an increase in resting benefit is only slight appears to be approximately six. While continuous grazing is generally believed to be detrimental to sward composition because of selective grazing, it seems that this effect is due rather to incorrect stocking rates than continuous grazing per se. Rotational grazing does, however, offer a means of attaining higher stocking rates without detrimental effects. High Utilization Grazing and High Production Grazing are two different methods of applying rotational grazing which have different objectives and different effects. The most suitable method to use in any situation depends on the nature of the sward and the reaction of the component species to defoliation. However, both methods require multi‐camp systems for best results.
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1. Day-grazing to Protect Sheep against stray dogs was compared with usual all-day-grazing from 13 July 1978 for 81 days. 8 male lambs (about 5 months old) were alloted to both treatments. A commercial concentrate was offered to the half of them (about 250g/head daily). The day-grazing lambs were grazed from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. for the first 42 days and from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. for the last 39 days.2. The day-grazing lambs grazed actively. The maximum grazing time of the day-grazing lambs without concentrate reached to 9.8 hours at 12-hour day-grazing and 7.8 hour at 8-hour day-grazing.3. Average daily gains of lambs in the groups of all-day-grazing without concentrate, all-day-grazing with concentrate. day-grazing without concentrate and day-grazing with concentrate were 169g, 206g. 118g and 188g, respectively.4. Although the day-grazing lambs without concentrate were 44.5kg of final body weight, 17.5kg of carcass weight, 45.8 % of dressing percentage and 5.3mm of fat thickness, the day-grazing lambs with concentrate were similare to the all-day-grazing lambs in terms of carcass characteristic. Then the results indicated that day-grazing method would not be suitable for fat-lamb production if lambs were raised without concentrate.
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1. Four trials on methods of bloat-prevention vare described: ( a ) A comparison of ‘break’ grazing and normal ‘rotational’ grazing without restriction of feed in either case. Break grazing observations covered two and five breaks per day. ( b ) A comparison of these two systems where ‘break’ grazing involved restriction of area available to the cows, and ‘breaks’ varied from seven to eleven per day. ( c ) Comparison of ‘off and on’ grazing with normal rotational methods in an attempt to force changes in grazing pattern. ( d ) Comparison of the same pasture grazed at different lengths under rotational grazing methods. 2. Grazing behaviour and degree of bloat were noted. 3. In general, the results showed that, irrespective of number of breaks, break grazing with or without restriction gave no effective control of bloat. 4. There were definite indications that a strictly enforced system of ‘off and on’ grazing could afford considerable practical control. 5. Long feed proved definitely safer than feed of the same botanical composition grazed at shorter stages of growth. 6. It was found that cows on potentially dangerous grass had short grazing times with few periods of intense activity. Thus, the oft-stated opinion that bloat is caused by cows eating greedily of dangerous pastures was not substantiated. On the contrary, cows on such pasture showed marked reluctance in their grazing activity. 7. Bloat-producing swards were also associated with reduced rumination time, even in respect to cows showing no symptoms. Bloated cows showed generally very low rumination times. 8. Many of these observations were made on identical twins. From the similarity in their behaviour, it can be concluded that inheritance is an important factor affecting the occurrence of bloat amongst cows grazing the same herbage. 9. In the early stages of bloat, ruminal movement and belching increased in frequency and intensity. This is contrary to the theory that bloat is due to rumen atony. Atony was observed only in the advanced stages of the trouble.
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