Investigation of the potentials of southwest Nigerian Napier Grass as an energy source to replace fossils used in firing thermal power plants for air emissions control
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Heat of combustion
Hectare
Proximate
Carbon fibers
Abstract This study discussed the characterization of the different qualities of coal in Kalimantan. The chemical and physical characterization of Kalimantan coal aimed to find the level of coal quality through proximate, ultimate and calorific value analysis. Based on the results of the study, the coal obtained from PT. Kideco Jaya Agung (KJA) had a moisture content of 17.86%, a fixed carbon of 36.56%, ash of 2.94%, volatile matter of42.64%, carbon of 44.86%, sulfur of 0.079% and calorific value of 4468.65 cal/gram. PT. Indemix Coalindo (IC) had coals with the moisture content of 25.94%, fixed carbon of 32.48%, ash of 3.78%, volatile matter of 38.26%, carbon of 45.03%, sulfur of 0.436% and calorific value of 4462.67 cal/gram. Based on the results of the study, the efforts were needed to improve the quality of coal so that the coal collected could become an alternative energy-source with its highest quality and calorific value. Thus, it could compete in the international market.
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Carbon fibers
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The proximate analysis of 5 municipal garbage samples from Bangalore in respect of moisture content, ash content and calorific value was carried out. 'rhe I'Qoisturecontent was in the range of 34 to 56 per cent (mean value 44.6%), the ash content from 19.2 to 35.7 per cent and the net calorific value from 906 kcal/kg to 1661 kcal/kg (mean value 1222 kcal/kg).
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Elephant grass was analyzed for its chemical properties, proximate, ultimate and structural composition and high heating value using the American Standard for Testing and Materials. (ASTM) methods. Results of proximate analysis showed moisture and ash content, fixed carbon and volatile matter content to be 0.85%, 5.86%, 14.22% and 79.24% respectively. The composition of ultimate analyses showed carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur content to be 54.44%, 5.59%, 0.67%, 40.95% and 0.35% respectively. The results of structural analyses showed cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and high heating value to be 46.26%, 29.90%, and 24.60% and 18.52MJ/kg respectively. The results of proximate, ultimate and structural analyses and high heating value showed an indication that the elephant grass is suitable for pyrolysis process because a relatively higher bio-oil yield would be expected.
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Calorific Value of Several Types of Wood Through Proximate Analysis and Chemical Components Approach
The most potential biomass to be developed with a high lignocellulose content is wood. Calorific value estimation based on the results of biomass analysis such as the proximate test can be used as an alternative to predict the calorific value accurately, quickly, and economically. Therefore, in this study, it is important to measure the calorific value simply using the proximate method with an analytical approach to the chemical content of the raw material. This study used three species of wood consisting of jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq), ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri), and api- api (Apicennia sp.). This study's chemical components that eximined in this study consist of extractive, holoselulose, and lignin content. The proximate analysis consists of volatile matter content, ash content, fixed carbon, and calorific value. The results show that ulin wood has the highest calorific value (20.13 MJ/kg), then api-api wood and last jabon wood. The high amount of calorific value is contributed by the high value of lignin, extractive, and fixed carbon.
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Domestic agro-byproduct potential in Korea is estimated to be approximately 4,018 × 103 tons of oil equivalent per year. Majority of agro-byproducts are unused and discarded. These unused agro-byproducts can potentially be converted into solid fuel for value addition. The energy potentials of solid fuels are generally characterized by proximate analysis and measuring calorific value; however, owing to the use of coal and coke, both the analyses could be expensive and time-consuming. Proximate analysis via thermogravimetric analysis is a relatively low cost and less time-consuming method than proximate analysis by ISO method (ISO 18134-1:2015, ISO 18123:2015, ISO 18122:2015). Thermogravimetric analysis-based proximate analysis of four agro-byproducts (pepper stem, perilla stem, corn stalk, and kenaf) was conducted. Additionally, the calorific values obtained from several equations based on the proximate analysis results were compared to that of the calorific value measured using calorimeter. The maximum difference between proximate analysis using thermogravimetric analysis and ISO method was 4.73%p, which was attributed to change in moisture content. It is recommended to measure the moisture content of biomass for 120–150 min (at 105 °C) and ash content for 80–120 min (at 815 °C). Three of the equations indicated a difference of less than 1.5 MJ kg−1 between the TGA-derived and the measured calorific value. For this study, It was determined that both proximate analysis and prediction calorific value can be conducted by thermogravimetric analysis.
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Solid fuel
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Heat of combustion
Proximate
Sewage sludge
Solid fuel
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Abstract Paper industry has a big potency of energy that can be reused in its sludge. However, the water content of the sludge is still high and need to be dried. In this study, the characteristics of the sludge at different water content are explored. The sludge is collected from paper industry in Sumatera Utara province of Indonesia mainly at 70% water content. The experiments are carried out at lower water content that is from 10% to 60%. The proximate and ultimate analyses are carried out and the calorific values are discussed. The objective is to explore the potency of the sludge if it is employed as solid fuel. The results show that reducing water content of the sludge affects the characteristics of the sludge. The lower water content increases fixed carbon value, calorific value and volatile matter.
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In Malaysia, palm oil wastes are identified as the potential biomass for renewable energy sources. Usually the higher heating value (HHV) is essential for energy analysis and can be estimated using bomb calorimeter but this method usually is time consuming with possibilities of experimental errors. Thus many correlations have been established to predict the HHV based on the proximate analysis. However, most of the correlations only take into account the HHV of raw biomass. No attempts have been made on estimating HHV of torrefied biomass using model correlation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to propose new correlation based on proximate analysis which is applicable for raw and torrefied palm oil wastes. The HHV and proximate analysis of raw and torrefied palm oil wastes at different torrefaction temperature ranges from 240 to 330°C are measured experimentally for model correlation. In addition the HHV and proximate analysis of raw and torrefied palm oil wastes from published literature are included in order to enhance the reliability of model correlation. Based on the model correlation, low average absolute error (AAE) of 5.37% and low average bias error (ABE) of -1.00% are obtained indicating the estimated model correlation is suitable and reliable to estimate the HHV of raw and torrefied palm oil wastes from proximate analysis.
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Torrefaction
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Heat of combustion
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