Review on the laser-induced performance of photothermal materials for ignition application
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Abstract:
Laser ignition has been widely studied, and is regarded as a potential initiation technique in pyrotechnics owing to its simple ignition sequence, good safety, high ignition consistency, and strong anti-electromagnetic interference ability. One of the most important requirements for the practical application of laser ignition is the reduction of ignition energy, which requires both good light absorption and good photothermal properties of energetic materials or additives in energetic materials. Therefore, in this review, the recent progress of different photothermal materials and their laser-induced performances have been summarized. First, an overview of optical ignition, especially laser ignition, including the main categories, mechanisms, advantages, and applications, was introduced. Then, different photothermal materials, including carbon-based materials, composite materials, explosives, and gaseous mixtures, were summarized, and their photothermal performances were listed and compared. Finally, the strategies and challenges of designing photothermal materials with optimized performance were discussed, which can provide suggestions for the choice of photothermal energetic materials and can provide primary guidance for the design and fabrication of the same for laser ignition applications.Keywords:
Laser ignition
Pyrotechnics
The performance of ignition and combustion of HNS explosive has been investigated through a series of small igniting devices in which B/KNO3 ignition composition was used as igniting energy of HNS explosive;According to tests results,some important factors which affect ignition and combustion of HNS explosive has been pointed out and analyzed, igniting mechanism of HNS explosive has been discussed and given.
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An investigation on oxygen-equilibrium of laser ignition of energetic materials was carried out through experiments. The threshold energy of laser ignition of several systems such as Zr/KClO 4 , Ti/KClO 4 , and Mg/KClO 4 were measured with different system composition. The results show that the mass ratio of initial mixture powders has a significant effect on the threshold energy of ignition. The threshold energy presents a minimum with increasing mass ratio, which corresponds to an oxygen-rich system composition. That is, an oxygen-rich composition is favorable to laser ignition. The ignition requires lower threshold, or energetic materials have relatively higher laser sensitivity. Also the findings were theoretically analyzed.
Laser ignition
Minimum ignition energy
Autoignition temperature
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Pyrotechnics
Gunpowder
Characterization
Explosive detection
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Boron and its alloys have been explored a lot and it is expected that they can replace pure aluminum powder in the energetic formulation of active materials. MgB2 compounds were prepared and characterized by a combination of mechanical alloying and heat treatment. The ignition and combustion of boron-magnesium alloys were studied with the ignition wire method and laser ignition infrared temperature measurement. The results show that MgB2 has good ignition characteristics with maximum ignition temperatures obtained by the two various methods of 1292 K and 1293 K, respectively. Compared with boron, the ignition temperature of MgB2 is greatly reduced after alloying. The ignition reaction of MgB2 mainly occurs on the surface and the ignition process has two stages. In the initial stage of ignition, the large flame morphology and combustion state are close to the combustion with gaseous Mg, whereas the subsequent combustion process is close to the combustion process of B. Compared with boron, the ignition temperature of MgB2 is greatly reduced which suggests that MgB2 may be used in gunpowder, propellant, explosives, and pyrotechnics due to its improved ignition performance.
Laser ignition
Pyrotechnics
Autoignition temperature
Spontaneous Combustion
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Laser ignition
SPARK (programming language)
Ignition timing
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This paper reports on recent experiments of the ignition of nanoaluminum in air by CO{sub 2} laser heating. Ignition time and temperature were measured as a function of Al particle size and laser power. The ignition time was determined by high-speed digital images and frrst light as determined by a photodiode. The ignition delay increases with increasing particle size, and the decreasing laser power. Two stage burning is observed. The first reaction takes place on the surface of the powder sample and moves from the center to the edges followed by the second reaction, which takes place within the bulk of the sample. As the particles size increases the material is less likely to burn through out, leaving behind unreacted Al powder.
Laser ignition
Particle (ecology)
Photodiode
Minimum ignition energy
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Laser ignition
Ignition timing
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This paper reports on the use of a 200 W, 10.6 μm CO2 laser for ignition of TNT (2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene) via heating. We used a high‐speed camera and silicon photodetectors to monitor the reaction. Ignition, here defined as a visible flame, occurred for laser powers of at least 100 W in combination with energies at least 50 J. However, self‐sustained ignition did not occur even with the ignition laser at 199 W with a total energy of 995 J.
Laser ignition
Trinitrotoluene
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By reviewing the ignition characterisitics of energetic materials by laser at home and abroad, the paper summerizes effects of such factors as laser power, length of laser pulse, diameter of laser spot, size of particles and density of energetic materials as well as the addition to the composition on the ignition threshold and ignition delay time.\;
Laser ignition
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Laser ignition provides an innovative method to improve internal combustion engine performance in diluted conditions. It is well known that ignition under highly diluted conditions can cause an initial flame kernel instability, and strong cycle-to-cycle fluctuations. In order to achieve a stable combustion and high thermal efficiency, enlarging initial plasma size and plasma lifetime was proved to be one of effective procedures in the laser ignition. Microwave-enhanced laser ignition techniques have been proposed and the effects of microwave input pulse duty ratio on minimum laser ignition energy have been experimentally investigated in a constant volume combustion vessel with methane/air mixture.
Laser ignition
Minimum ignition energy
Duty cycle
Ignition timing
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