Complete Genome Resources for Xylella fastidiosa Strains AlmaEM3 and BB08-1 Reveal Prophage-Associated Structural Variation Among Blueberry-Infecting Strains
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Xylella fastidiosa is a gram-negative plant pathogenic bacterium with wide geographical distribution and host range. X. fastidiosa strains are separated into genetically distinct subspecies, and further categorized into sequence types (ST). Genetic characterization of X. fastidiosa strains infecting blueberry has revealed that strains of subspecies multiplex and fastidiosa are capable of causing bacterial leaf scorch disease of blueberry under field conditions. To better elucidate the relationships among blueberry-infecting X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex strains, we completed the genomes of an ST 42 strain, AlmaEM3, and a ST 43 strain, BB08-1, using a hybrid assembly approach. Comparison of these assemblies reveals a large (0.95 Mb) chromosomal inversion in BB08-1 relative to AlmaEM3 and the reference strain M12, likely resulting from recombination between prophage regions.Keywords:
Xylella fastidiosa
Prophage
Subspecies
Multiplex
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Xylella fastidiosa is a vector-borne plant vascular bacterial pathogen that causes several economically important diseases, including Pierce's disease (PD) in grapevine and olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) in olive trees, among others [...].
Xylella fastidiosa
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Xylella fastidiosa is a notorious plant pathogenic bacterium that represents a threat to crops worldwide. Its subspecies, Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa is the causative agent of Pierce's disease of grapevines. Pierce's disease has presented a serious challenge for the grapevine industry in the United States and turned into an epidemic in Southern California due to the invasion of the insect vector Homalodisca vitripennis. In an attempt to minimize the effects of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa in vineyards, various studies have been developing and testing strategies to prevent the occurrence of Pierce's disease, i.e. prophylactic strategies. Research has also been undertaken to investigate therapeutic strategies to cure vines infected by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa. This report explicitly reviews all the strategies published to date and specifies their current status. Furthermore, an epidemiological model of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa is proposed and key parameters for the spread of Pierce's disease deciphered in a sensitivity analysis of all model parameters. Based on these results, it is concluded that future studies should prioritize therapeutic strategies, while investments should only be made in prophylactic strategies that have demonstrated promising results in vineyards.
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This datasheet on Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa covers Identity, Distribution, Hosts/Species Affected.
Xylella fastidiosa
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In Xylella fastidiosa the fatty acid signal molecule diffusible signaling factor (DSF) is produced and sensed by components of the regulation of pathogenicity factors (rpf) cluster; lack of DSF production in RpfF mutants results in a non-vector-transmissible phenotype yet cells are hypervirulent to grape. rpfB has not been characterized in Xylella fastidiosa, although its homolog has been suggested to be required for DSF synthesis in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. We show that RpfB is involved in DSF processing in both Xylella fastidiosa and Xanthomonas campestris, affecting the profile of DSF-like fatty acids observed in thin-layer chromatography. Although three fatty acids whose production is dependent on RpfF were detected in Xylella fastidiosa and Xanthomonas campestris wild-type strains, their respective rpfB mutants accumulated primarily one chemical species. Although no quantifiable effect of rpfB on plant colonization by Xylella fastidiosa was found, insect colonization and transmission was reduced. Thus, RpfB apparently is involved in DSF processing, and like Xanthomonas campestris, Xylella fastidiosa also produces multiple DSF molecules. It is possible that Xylella fastidiosa coordinates host vector and plant colonization by varying the proportions of different forms of DSF signals via RpfB.
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Xanthomonas
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Xylella fastidiosa is a bacterial plant pathogen that causes Pierce's disease of grape, citrus variegated chlorosis, phony peach disease, alfalfa dwarf, and leaf scorch of plum, blueberry, and pecan in the southern United States. Xylella fastidiosa also causes almond leaf scorch and oleander leaf scorch. This bacterial plant pathogen is transmitted by xylem-feeding insects, including sharpshooters (Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) and spittlebugs (Cercopidae). The following paper is a review of the plant diseases caused by X. fastidiosa, its insect vectors, and management strategies in the southern United States.
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Chlorosis
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Symptoms of the leaf scorch disease on the leaves of oleander infected by Xylella fastidiosa appearing for the first time in Lebanon were confirmed by ELISA tests and anatomical observations of sections of petioles by a scanning electron microscope. Xylella fastidiosa was detected in the xylem forming bacterial aggregates in the lumen of tracheary elements. The bacterium colonizes and invades the conducting tissues degrading pit membranes (PMs) of tracheary elements. Dense networks of fibrillar material and tyloses, originating from the plant, as a defense mechanism form around the bacterial aggregates to limit the movement of the pathogen. The bacterial aggregates that plug the tracheary elements and the tyloses produced by the infected oleander plants cause water stress and consequently leaf scorch symptoms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Xylella fastidiosa in Lebanon.
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Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of Pierce's disease of grape, an economically significant disease for the grape industry. X. fastidiosa systemically colonizes the xylem elements of grapevines and is able to breach the pit pore membranes separating xylem vessels by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that X. fastidiosa utilizes cell wall degrading enzymes to break down pit membranes, based on the presence of genes involved in plant cell wall degradation in the X. fastidiosa genome. These genes include several beta-1,4 endoglucanases, several xylanases, several xylosidases, and one polygalacturonase (PG). In this study, we demonstrated that the pglA gene encodes a functional PG. A mutant in pglA lost pathogenicity and was compromised in its ability to systemically colonize Vitis vinifera grapevines. The results indicate that PG is required for X. fastidiosa to successfully infect grapevines and is a critical virulence factor for X. fastidiosa pathogenesis in grapevine.
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The Philaenus spumarius L. (Hemiptera Aphrophoridae) is a xylem-sap feeder vector that acquires Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 during feeding on infected plants. The bacterium is the plant pathogen responsible for olive quick decline syndrome that has decimated olive trees in Southern Italy. Damage originates mainly from the insect vector attitude that multiplies the pathogen potentialities propagating Xf in time and space. The principal action to manage insect-borne pathogens and to contain the disease spread consists in vector and transmission control. The analysis of an innovative and sustainable integrated pest management quantitative strategy that targets the vector and the infection by combining chemical and physical control means demonstrates that it is possible to stop the Xylella invasion. This review updates the available topics addressing vectors’ identification, bionomics, infection management, and induced disease by Xylella invasion to discuss major available tools to mitigate the damage consequent to the disease.
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Bionomics
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Abstract Pierce’s disease (PD) is a deadly disease of grapevines caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Xylella fastidiosa . Though disease symptoms were formerly attributed to bacteria blocking the plant xylem, this hypothesis is at best overly simplistic. Recently, we used a proteomic approach to characterize the secretome of X. fastidiosa, both in vitro and in planta and identified LesA as one of the pathogenicity factors of X. fastidiosa in grapevines that leads to leaf scorching and chlorosis. Herein, we characterize another such factor encoded by PD0956, designated as an antivirulence secreted protease “PrtA” that displays a central role in controlling in vitro cell proliferation, length, motility, biofilm formation and in planta virulence. The mutant in X. fastidiosa exhibited reduced cell length, hypermotility (and subsequent lack of biofilm formation) and hypervirulence in grapevines. These findings are supported by transcriptomic and proteomic analyses with corresponding plant infection data. Of particular interest, is the hypervirulent response in grapevines observed when X. fastidiosa is disrupted for production of PrtA and that PD-model tobacco plants transformed to express PrtA exhibited decreased symptoms after infection by X. fastidiosa .
Xylella fastidiosa
Virulence factor
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Xylella fastidiosa
Immunofluorescence
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