Effect of different varieties, spacing, fertilizer levels and their interactions on grain yield and yield components (Vigna radiata L.) in rainfed situation under southern transitional zone of Karnataka
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A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Field unit, College of Agriculture, Shivamogga during kharif 2015-2016 and 2016-17 on sandy loamy soils to evaluate performance of promising Greengram varieties (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) as influenced by planting density and fertilizer levels under rain fed situation in Southern Transitional Zone of Karnataka. Among three different varieties KKM-3 gave significantly higher grain yield (1056.91 kg ha-1) and straw yield (4107.01 kg ha-1) than PDM 84-647.17 178 (kg ha-1 and 2438.10 kg ha-1, respectively) and SBM-1 (746.55 kg ha-1 and 3097.03 kg ha-1, respectively. KKM-3 sown on 15th July recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield (1252.86kg ha-1 and 4912.04 kg ha-1 respectively) followed by sowing KKM-3 on 30th of July (878.82 kg ha-1and 3286.72 kg ha-1, respectively). Significantly higher grain of greengram was found with the recommended (30 ×10 cm) spacing (925.54 kg ha-1) followed by 45x10 cm spacing (883.42 kg ha-1). The grain and straw yield of greengram nutrition with 25:50:25 N P205 and K2O was 855.47 and 3498.70 kg ha-1 respectively, which increased to 953.50 and 3768.92 kg ha-1 due to125% higher recommended dose i.e. 31.25:62.5:31.25 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1.Keywords:
Kharif crop
Radiata
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A field experiment was conducted during kharif season 2012 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Allahabad School of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad (U.P.). The soil was sandy loam, pH of soil was 7.4 with 0.39% organic C, having available N, P, K, 185.5, 36 and 98 kg ha-1 respectively. The experiment involving hybrid ‘MRB 2210’ was laid out in factorial randomized block design with nine treatments replicated thrice, comprising 3 planting patterns viz., uniform row system (URS) at 50 cm; paired row system (PRS) at 30/70 cm; and ridge and furrow (RF F2 (N = 120kg ha-1, P = 80kg ha-1, K = 60kg ha-1) and F3 (N = 100kg ha-1, P = 60kg ha-1, K = 40kg ha-1)]. Paired Row System of planting with nutrient levels of F2 (N = 120 kg, P = 80 kg and K = 60 kg) were significantly increased the grain yield (3 t ha-1), stover yield (171.18 t ha-1), test weight (8.83 gm), net return (21590.48 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.98) as compared with Ridge & Furrow (R&F) and Uniform Row System (URS) of planting.
Stover
Pennisetum
Kharif crop
Test weight
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Field experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University KrishiVigyan Kendra, Ambala during summer season of 2014 to study the effect of phosphorus levels and varieties on growth, yield parameters, yield, economics and nutrient uptake of greengram. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with two varieties of green gram viz. MH 421 and SML 668 and four phosphorus levels viz. control (no fertilizer), 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5/ha with 4 replications. Cv.MH421 produced significantly higher seed yield (1158 kg/ha), yield attributing parameters, harvest index, attraction index, net returns (Rs 21001/ha), BC ratio (1.60) and nutrient uptake compared to SML 668 during summer season. Application of 40 kg P2O5/ha registered significantly higher seed yield (1283 kg/ha), yield attributing characters, harvest index, attraction index, net returns (Rs 32351/ha), BC ratio (2.08) and nutrient uptake of green gram compared to control and 20 kg P2O5/ha. However, 40 kg P2O5/ha and 60 kg P2O5/ha were at par with respect to majority of studied.
Radiata
Gram
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A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Field unit, College of Agriculture, Shivamogga during kharif 2015-2016 and 2016-17 on sandy loamy soils to evaluate performance of promising Greengram varieties (Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek) as influenced by different dates of sowing under rain fed situation in Southern Transitional Zone of Karnataka. Among three different varieties KKM-3 gave significantly higher grain yield (806.41 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (3206.14 kg ha-1) than PDM 84-178 (675.71 kg ha-1 and 2698.55 kg ha-1, respectively) and SBM-1 (610.81 kg ha-1 and 2462.74 kg ha-1, respectively) (Table 1). Variety KKM-3 showed per cent increase in grain and straw yield over variety PDM 84-178 (16.20% and 15.83%, respectively) and SBM-1 (24.25% and 23.18%, respectively). Among different dates of sowing 15th July recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield (1252.86 kg ha-1 and 4912.04 kg ha-1, respectively) followed by sowing KKM-3 on 30th of July (878.82 kg ha-1 and 3344.05 kg ha-1, respectively) and it was found on par with PDM 84-178 sown on 15th of July (869.92 kg ha-1and 3405.49 kg ha-1, respectively) compared to variety SBM-1 on 15th July (774.98 kg ha-1 and 3033.19 kg ha-1, respectively) Among the interactions significant difference was noticed between date of sowing and variety with respect to yield components, sowing of variety KKM-3 sown on July 15th recorded significantly higher number of clusters plant-1, numbers of pods plant, numbers of seeds per pod (13.59, 53.03 and 11.10, respectively) compared to late sowing variety PDM 84-178 during August 30th (6.96, 31.31 and 8.56, respectively) and late sowing variety SBM-1 on August 30th (4.75, 17.57 and 8.03, respectively).
Kharif crop
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Twelve on-farm trials were conducted in Nandavaram village of Banaganapalle mandal in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, India, during the 2002/03 rainy season to study the effects of improved production technologies (T1) and farmers' practice (T2) on pigeon pea yield. T1 consisted of a medium-duration high-yielding cultivar (ICPL 87119), sowing rate of 12 kg/ha, seed treatment with thiram (3 g/kg), inoculation with Rhizobium, 20 kg N, 50 kg P2O5/ha, basal application of micronutrient mixture (5 kg borax, 0.5 kg B/ha; 50 kg zinc sulfate, 10 kg Zn/ha; and 200 kg gypsum, 30 kg S/ha), and need-based pest and disease control measures. Inter-cultivation was conducted at 25 and 50 days after sowing to control weeds. One insecticide spray was given at the pod formation stage to control pod borers. T2 included a sowing rate of 10 kg/ha, 12 kg N/ha, and 30 kg P2O5/ha. T1 gave higher yields than T2 and recorded a mean grain yield of 1.61 t/ha, which was 204% higher than that obtained with T2 (0.53 t/ha). T1 also resulted in higher stalk yield (2.93 t/ha) than T2 (1.10 t/ha). The increased grain and stalk yields under were mainly because of increased total dry matter, pod weight, shelling percentage, 100-grain weight and harvest index. T1 recorded a higher mean income (US$290) and a cost-benefit ratio of 2.4.
Borax
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A field experiment was conducted during 2016 in the agronomy field of College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with twelve treatments having three replications. The treatments comprised combinations of three levels of nitrogen (10, 20 and 30 kg N/ha), two levels of phosphorus (10 and 20 kg P/ha) and two levels of potassium(0 and 10 kgK/ha). Among the different combinations of NPK fertilizers tested application of 30 kg N and 20 kg P2O5 with or with out 10 kg K2O performed better for achieving growth and yield components compared to lower levels of fertilizer application. The application of 30: 20: 10 kg NPK/ha achieved taller plants (71.27 cm), more number of leaves (40.87/plant), more tillers (10.87/plant), higher leaf area (619.44 cm2/plant) and total dry matter accumulation (24.25 g/plant). Similarly better yield parameters like number of productive tillers/plant (9.40), panicle length (13.43 cm), number of grains/panicle (592) and test weight (3.39 g) were also achieved in the same set of treatment. Application of 30: 20: 10 kg NPK/ha achieved highest grain (1580 kg/ha) and straw (1603 kg/ha) yields apart from higher profit (Rs 8657) and was found economically feasible over recommended nutrient level of 20: 20 kg NP/ha and remained best among the tested treatments.
Panicum
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A field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2014 under All India Coordinated Research Project on Groundnut at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka to find out the effect of spacing and nutrient on AVT groundnut cultivar K 1641 in black soils under rainfed condition. The highest pod yield (3578 kg/ha) was found in the K 1641 as compared to check variety TGLPS 3(3194 Kg/ha). A plant spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm gave the highest pod (3845 Kg/ha) as compared to wider intra row spacing (30 cm x 20cm) (2927 kg/ha). Among the nutrient management practices, recommended dose (100%) of NPK resulted in significantly higher pod yield (3488 kg/ha) as compared to 50% recommended dose of NPK (3120 kg/ha) and failed to respond to higher level (150%) of recommended dose of NPK (3549 kg/ha). Whereas, Cultivar K 1641 responded to higher dose of nutrient application i.e. Application of FYM @ 7.5 t ha-1 + 150 % RDNPK (37.5 kg N, 112.5 kg P2O5 and 37.5 kg K2O ha-1) and registered higher net monetary returns(Rs.103013 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.88).
Vertisol
Non-invasive ventilation
Nutrient Management
Wet season
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An experiment on effect of different N levels and seed rate on wheat crop was conducted during rabi seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12 at Agricultural Research Institute, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Telangana. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with factorial concept (FRBD) at three different seeding rates of 100, 125 and 150 kg ha-1 and three nitrogen levels of 120,180 and 240 kg N ha-1. Two years pooled data indicated that significantly more number of tillers and panicles recorded in 125 kg seed rate ha-1 than 100 kg ha-1 and on par with 150 kg ha-1. Accordingly, 125 kg seed rate ha-1 recorded significantly higher grain yield (3084 kg ha-1) than 100 kg ha-1(2688 kg ha-1) and statistically similar with 150 kg ha-1 (3054 kg ha-1). Grain yield and yield attributing characters did not differ significantly among different N levels. Interaction effect showed that wheat at 125 kg ha-1 in combination with 240 kg N ha-1 obtained higher grain yield (3823 kg ha-1) which was on par with most of the treatments combinations.
Panicle
Interaction
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A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Ummedganj, Kota (Rajasthan) during the winter season of 2008 and 2009 to evolve an integrated nutrient management strategy for chickpea. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 12 treatment combinations of FYM (0, 5 t/ha) P 2O5 (0, 40, 60 kg /ha), and sulphur (0, 20 kg/ha) replicated four times. Application of FYM @ 5t/ha, inorganic P 2O5 @ 40 kg/ha and S @ 20 kg/ha resulted significantly higher plant height, Branches/plant, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, number of nodules, dry weight of nodules and hence higher seed, straw yield and protein content during 2008 and 2009.There were no significant difference observed within 40 and 60 kg P2O5/ha The gross return, net return and B:C ratio increased with the application of FYM@5t/ha inorganic P2O5 @ 40 kg/ha and S @ 20 kg/ha during both the years. But highest B:C ratio was recorded under 60 kg P2O5/ha but it was on par with 40kg P2O5/ha It was concluded that for higher productivity, profitability and soil health, chickpea should be fertilized with 40 kg P2O5/ha in conjunction with 5 t/ha FYM and 20kg S/ha
Nutrient Management
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A experiment comprising of 18 treatments i.e. two sowing methods (flat bed - 30 cm spacing, and raisedbed with two mungbean (Vigna radiata) rows bed–1 on 67.5 cm including 30 cm furrow), three seed rates (10, 15 and 20 kg ha–1 ) and three nutrient treatments (6.25 + 20.0, 9.38 + 30.0 and 12.5 + 40.0 kg N+P2O5 ha–1 ) was conducted at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India during kharif 2007 to 2009. The mungbean grain yield recorded in 2008 was similar in 2009 but higher than 2007. The increase of 3.94% in grain yield was recorded in raised-bed than in flat bed. The grain yield recorded with seed rate of 20 kg ha–1 was higher than with 10 kg ha–1 but similar with 15 kg ha-1 in 2006 and 2008. The grain yield recorded with 12.5 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 ha–1 was higher (p<0.05) than other treatments. Raised-bed planting with 33.3% lesser irrigation water used recorded 3.91% lesser water use than flat bed planting and 9.77% higher water use efficiency (WUE) (p<0.05) as compared to flat bed planting. Seed rate of 20 kg ha–1 recorded 35.9 and 8.9% higher (p<0.05) WUE than with 10 and 15 kg ha-1 . The highest WUE was recorded with 12.5 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 ha–1 which was higher (p<0.05) than 6.25 kg N + 20 kg P2O5 ha–1 but at par with 9.38 kg N + 24 kg P2O5 ha–1 .
Kharif crop
Radiata
Water Use Efficiency
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A field experiment was carried out during 2016 at the research farm of IARI, New Delhi to study the effect of planting density and nitrogen management protocols on productivity, quality and ware-use-efficiency of Indian mustard under conservation agriculture based pearlmilletmustard system.The experiment comprised of 3 planting density; normal distance sowing (P 1 ), high density sowing fb alternate row harvesting for fodder at 35 DAS (P 2 ) and high density sowing fb alternate row harvesting for mulch at 35 DAS (P 3 ) in main plots and five treatments of nitrogen management [control (N 0) , 60 kg N ha -1 as basal (N 1 ), 30 kg N ha -1 as basal + 30 kg N ha - 1 as side dressing (N 2 ), 75 kg N ha -1 as basal (N 3 ) and 37.5 kg N ha -1 as
Water Use Efficiency
Fodder
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