Study of the possibility of using radon potential maps for identification of areas with high indoor radon concentration
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This report describes a study to assess the feasibility of an epidemiologic investigation of the relationship between residential radon exposure and lung cancer. Field measurements of residential radon levels in the State of Maine are described. Using these radon measurements and BEIR, 1980 risk assessments, it is estimated that at most 10% of lung cancers in Maine can be considered attributable to residential radon exposure. Calculations are made of sample sizes necessary for a case-control study of radon and lung cancer, for several levels of radon and smoking health effects. The effects of misclassification of exposure variables on the probability of detecting a radon health effect are discussed. A comparison is made of three different mathematical models which could be used for sample size estimation. Dollar cost estimates are given for conducting an epidemiologic case-control study of the relationship between residential radon exposure and lung cancer.
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Information is given about the radon programme in Czechoslovakia after the democratic revolution in 1989 - organisation, implementation steps, limits. Results for radon exposure and radon evaluation for Jachymov, a special situation, and for Petrovice, as an example of a high radon risk area, are given.
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This chapter contains sections titled: Radon and Lung Cancer Outdoor Radon Indoor Radon The Other Radon, 220Rn, Thoron Radon Epidemiology in Underground Mines Residential Epidemiology Lung Dosimetry Lung Cancer Models for Humans Childhood Exposure Animal Studies Smoking and Radon Summary References
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Radon is the largest single source of ionizing radiation to which humans are exposed. Epidemiological studies of uranium miners and experimental animals indicate that radon can cause lung cancer. Radon is ubiquitous and can accumulate indoors as a result of inadequate ventilation. Indoor radon levels are considerably lower than those occurring in mines, and consequently the health risks of exposure to low-level radiation is difficult to assess. Epidemiological studies suggest that, at the levels typically encountered by the general public, there is no convincing evidence that elevated radon levels cause an increase in the number of lung cancers. The magnitude of the exposure of the South African population to radon is unknown. This paper endeavours to put the need for epidemiological studies on radon-related risk in perspective.
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In order to estimate occupational exposure of workers in a therapeutic radon spa facility, radon concentration in the workplace air was investigated at Markhot Ferenc Hospital, Eger, Hungary. The investigated balneotherapeutic facility and its natural hot spa water are used for treatments and rehabilitations of rheumatic patients. Radon concentration, radon decay products at a bathhouse, treatment rooms and a consultation room were continuously measured in August and September 2018. In the present study, different levels of radon concentration among the observation sites and its clear temporal variations were found, though radon concentrations in the investigated sites were below 300 Bq m-3. Regarding such radon fluctuation and low equilibrium factor level (0.1), the annual effective doses of workers are estimated to be around 0.5 mSv year-1.
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About half the natural radiation dose to humans is due to radon and its decay products. It is well known that exposure to high levels of radon causes lung cancer, but as yet, there is still little data on the effect of long-term exposure to low levels of environmental radon. The studies by our radon research group at the NIRS are directed toward determining the health effects of low level exposure to environmental radon. In this paper, our current studies on radon are reviewed.
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Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas and presents everywhere on the Earth at varying concentration in workplaces and at homes. With Canadian labour statistics, time statistics and more than 7600 long-term radon measurements in workplaces, occupational radon exposure is evaluated for all 20 job categories based on North American Industry Classification System. Results are compared with residential radon exposure based on more than 22 000 long-term radon tests conducted in Canadian homes. The average annual effective dose due to radon exposure in workplaces is 0.21 mSv, which is lower than the average annual effective dose of 1.8 mSv from radon exposure at home by a factor of eight. Due to relatively higher radon concentration in residential homes and longer time spent indoors at home, exposure at home contributes to 90% of workers' total radon exposure (on average 1692 h in workplaces and 5852 h at homes). The analysis presented here is based on province-wide average radon exposures in various indoor and outdoor environments. Since the risk of developing lung cancer increases proportionally with increasing radon exposure, this evaluation indicates that on average reduction of radon levels in homes is very important and an effective way to reduce radon-induced lung cancers in Canada.
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The factors used to assess the radiation dose and health risks from human exposure to radon in dwellings are critically reviewed in this summary. Sources of indoor radon and determinants of air concentrations and exposure levels are given as well as the uncertainties that exist in their formulation. Methods of assessing health effects from inhalation of radon and its progeny are discussed with emphasis on dosimetry of radon daughters and formulation of risk per dose values. Finally, methods of assessing risks for general population exposures to indoor radon concentrations are treated.
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