Effect of multi-layer prosthetic foam liner on the stresses at the stump–prosthetic interface
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The prosthetic liner plays a significant role in the redistribution of the pressure between the stump and the socket, as it adding a cushioning layer between the stump and the socket which relieves pain and makes the prosthesis more comfortable. This study employed nonlinear finite element analyses to investigate the peak pressure and shear stress at stump–prosthetic interface in the case of multi-layer prosthetic foam liner, this liner having an inner polymeric foam layer Surrounded by another type of polymeric foam layer, we used three different types of foams in different order to define this liner (flexible polyurethane foam, polyurethane-shape memory polymer foam, and natural rubber latex foam). That’s allows comparing 6 deferent configuration of multi-layer prosthetic foam liner.Keywords:
Cushioning
Foam concrete
This study developed and evaluated a shoe cushioning system to reduce impact force patterns during running. The shoe cushioning system is composed with a polyurethane pocket, which contains water and porous grains to absorb the force against the weight inside the pocket. Load-displacement curves for the shoe cushioning system were obtained from an instrumented testing machine and the results were compared with various pockets that have air, water or grains. Mechanical testing showed that the pocket with 5 g particles was the best for the shoe cushioning system. This founding will be helpful to designing the shoe.
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Cushioning packages are used to protect products from shocks during transport. Cushioning materials can be roughly divided into two groups, namely, expanded plastic and paper. The design method using expanded plastic cushioning materials applies a cushion curve based on the results of dynamic-compression tests. However, because no efficient packaging-design method yet exists for paper cushioning materials, packaging engineers must rely on previous experience and the so-called trial-and-error method to design packaging. Therefore, this study focuses on corrugated boards, the most widely used paper cushioning material, and develops a simplified design method needing only one dynamic-compression test. To verify the validity of our method, we use it to design a cushioning package and confirm that the difference between experimental and predicted results is less than 5%, which can be considered sufficient accuracy.
Cushioning
Cushion
Package design
Corrugated fiberboard
Dynamic range compression
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Abstract Urethane foam mattresses are commonly used as cushioning when placing panel flooring on the floor slab of a building. Urethane foam consists of elastic fibres with pores. Both elements can affect the performance of the insulation against impact sounds. However, these effects have not yet been detailed, and they may change if the material properties or constitution of the fibres and pores in the cushioning change. In this paper, we propose an analytical model for use in evaluating the performance of insulation against floor impact sound. This model was used to examine the contribution of the pores versus the elastic fibres to wave transmissions from the flooring surface to the slab. The results reveal that the constitution of the foam (either open or closed cells of pores) and the thickness and hardness of the cushion layer strongly affect the sound insulation performance of the floor.
Cushioning
Cushion
Soundproofing
Foam concrete
Slab
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In recent years, running, which can help children's physical strength in terms of healthy growth, has attracted attention as the most important sport for children. Therefore, the children's running shoe industry is concerned. The main purpose of children's running shoes is to provide effective shock absorption for the feet. This study takes children aged 8-12 as the research object and finds that the cushioning of children's running shoes can be divided into material cushioning and structural cushioning. Aiming at the above two cushioning characteristics, and the performance analysis of running shoes with two kinds of cushioning performance at the same time, based on subjective preferences Cushioning performance test of children's running shoes by degree analysis and instrument test method. The research results show that, different cushioning materials of children's running shoes can produce different cushioning performance, and the thickness and hardness of the sole will also affect children's cushioning performance.
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According to sports goers, one of the most important features of gym training shoes is their cushioning properties. The optimal amount of cushioning is, however, complex to define. In the present paper, a multi-disciplinary approach was proposed to investigate and determine the optimal perceived midsole cushioning for gym training shoes. Firstly, impact tests were performed to characterise a wide range of shoes representing the gym training shoe market. Trained sensory panel method and mechanical testing were combined to determine the relationship between the perception of cushioning and the shoe’s mechanical properties. Secondly, the preferred cushioning perception was assessed. Then, numerous midsole configurations were tested using finite element method (FEM) to determine the combinations with the best cushioning properties in order to reduce the number of physical prototypes. To assess the best configuration estimated by the numerical model, a wear test was performed as a final validation. From this approach, relationship between the mechanical properties of the midsole and perception of cushioning was found, and an optimal perceived cushioning was identified. Moreover, through FEM numerical simulations, a great number of midsole configurations and designs were tested without making any actual prototypes. Prototype shoes were based on the best numerical solution. The final wear test confirmed that the prototype gym training shoes achieved the preferred perception of cushioning. The present methodology proposes a framework, which empowers the use of athlete’s and exerciser’s perception in shoe design.
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Through factors of the various thickness and high degree of the Polyurethane Foam to research and analyse the bond force between the Polyurethane Foam material and fly ash concrete.The result shows: the bond force between the Polyurethane Foam and fly ash concrete has relevant to the thickness of the Polyurethane Foam and almost irrelevant to its height,Measuring 40 mm diameter Polyurethane Foam bond force is 60 kPa,50 mm diameter is 100 kPa.
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Polyurethane foam concrete is prepared by solventless two-component polyurethane materials, cement, KC-15 composite blowing agents and calcium stearate foam stabilizer.It discussed the synthesis mechanism and studied the preparation process for the preparation of polyurethane foam concrete in the paper.The effects of materials addition order for foams quality and molded concrete are analyzed in detail.The key factor affecting foams quality is the additional order of polyurethane aggregates and foams.Two cement systems are suitable for polyurethane film forming and foams stable.Post addition of polyurethane aggregates can significantly decrease the bubble bursting.The preparation method referred a reference for the preparation of polyurethane foam concrete.
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This paper researches the optimal relationship between the density and the mechanical behavior of wheat flour foam. The different extrusion processing condition can result in different density of the foam. Mechanical properties measured include static compression and dynamic cushioning curves for the wheat starch foams. The relative compressive strength exhibits a power function with the relative density, which can be expressed as the equation: The dynamic cushioning properties of the foam also change with the density of the foam.
Cushioning
Relative density
Foam concrete
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This study developed and evaluated a shoe cushioning system to reduce impact force exerted during running. Load-displacement curves for the shoe cushioning system were obtained from an instrumented testing machine and the results were compared with various pockets with air, water or nano-particles. The ground reaction force, force and contact pressure between the shoe and foot were collected from five young male participants, who are trained and untrained person. This study used the three cushioning systems such as ordinary shoe, with pocket containing 5 g nano-particles, with pocket containing 7 g nano-particles. For the trained participant, there was no significant difference in the cushioning performance among Shoes at a low running speed. But at the normal speed, shoes with cushion system were better in the cushioning performance. These results showed that shoes constructed with a shock cushioning system using nano-particles have a better performance for shock absorption. The significant difference was observed at a high running speed according to the composition ratio of water and nano-particles inside the pocket of shoe.
Cushioning
Cushion
Shock absorber
Impact
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