Abstract:
Living 4-6 week-aged San Yuan white pigs (Suzhou,China) were used in skin decontamination experiments. Following a standard procedure, SM series of decontamination agents were used for decontamination of liquid nuclides. The results of immediate decontamination were as follows: K (decontamination efficiency) =97. 7% (decontamination factor DF = 43. 5) for 131I;K99% (DF100) for 90Sr/90Y,MFP and U+TRU; K =99. 9% (DF = 1000) for 137Cs.In 3 h-delayed decontamination,DF = 27-67 ( K = 96. 3%-98.5%) for the nuclides mentioned above. When the initiatory MFP contamination increased from 20 to 300 s-1 ?cm-2,the value of DF by immediate decontamination increased from 20 to 173 with the remaining activity not higher than 10 Bq ?cm-2,and no additional decontamination was needed. For radioactive ash contamination of skin,DF = 57-1000 ( K=98. 2% - 99. 9%) in 4 h-delayed decontamination. SM series of decontamination agents are neutral liquid or cream without any irritative effect on skin. They are effective and easy to use in skin decontamination.Keywords:
Human decontamination
Nuclide
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The UK Initial Operational Response (IOR) to chemical incidents includes improvised decontamination procedures, which use readily available materials to rapidly reduce risk to potentially exposed persons. A controlled, cross-over human volunteer study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of improvised dry and wet decontamination procedures on skin, both alone, and in sequence. A simulant contaminant, methyl salicylate (MeS) in vegetable oil with a fluorophore was applied to three locations (shoulder, leg, arm). Participants then received no decontamination (control) or attempted to remove the simulant using one of three improvised protocols (dry decontamination; wet decontamination; combined dry and wet decontamination). Simulant remaining on the skin following decontamination was quantified using both Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MSMS) for analysis of MeS and UV imaging to detect fluorophores. Additionally, urine samples were collected for 24 hours following application for analysis of MeS. Significantly less simulant was recovered from skin following each improvised decontamination protocol, compared to the no decontamination control. Further, combined dry and wet decontamination resulted in lower recovery of simulant when compared to either dry or wet decontamination alone. Irrespective of decontamination protocol, significantly more simulant remained on the shoulders compared to either the arms or legs, suggesting that improvised decontamination procedures are less effective for difficult to reach areas of the body. There was no effect of decontamination on excreted MeS in urine over 24 hours. Overall, findings indicate that improvised decontamination is an effective means of rapidly removing contaminants from skin, and combinations of improvised approaches can increase effectiveness in the early stages of decontamination and in the absence of specialist resources at an incident scene. However, the variable control and consistency of improvised decontamination techniques means that further intervention is likely to be needed, particularly for less accessible areas of the body.
Human decontamination
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Background
Despite the use of closed system drug transfer devices (CSTDs), residual contamination by antineoplastic drugs is still retrieved inside isolators.1 Improving the chemical decontamination process has been proposed to reduce this contamination more efficiently.Purpose
This study aimed to assess the decontamination efficiency inside isolators of two different decontamination processes associated with a CSTD.Material and methods
A comparative and prospective study was performed in a new opening compounding unit. Compounding was performed with a CSTD (BD-Phaseal, Becton-Dickinson). 8 drugs (cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, ifosfamide, irinotecan and methotrexate) were monitored daily for 14 consecutive weeks in 3 locations inside the isolators: gloves, workbench and window. Drugs were alternatively compounded in one or the other isolator on even and odd days. In one isolator (C), the cleaning process was performed daily with a standard biocide solution (Anioxyspray, Anios). In the other (I), a weekly decontamination with an admixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate 10-2 M/isopropanol (70/30) was added.2 Monitoring was performed by a validated LC-MS/MS method. The results are presented as OR of contamination between the two groups and as overall decontamination efficiency (EffQ%) in each group. This latter parameter was computed according to Anastasi, as follows: EffQ=1–(sum of all contaminations after decontamination process (ng)/sum of all contaminations before decontamination process (ng)). The proportion of EffQ >90% was compared using Fisher's exact test.Results
The overall contamination rates (CR) after the daily cleaning/decontamination process were significantly different between the two groups: CRC=25.3% versus CRI=10.4% (OR=0.341; p<0.0001). The mean overall EffQ was significantly higher in the intervention group (I: 61.0±41.5% vs C: 42.4±37.3%), but was very variable depending on the drug analysed. Decontamination was more effective for both cyclophosphamide and gemcitabine. The proportion of days with an EffQ >90% was higher in the intervention group (I: 42.9% vs C: 7.1%; p=0.077).Conclusion
Combining a decontamination protocol including a tensioactive agent to a CSTD leads to better control of contamination inside isolators. Improving decontamination frequency will be further studied.References and/or acknowledgements
Simon, et al. PLOS One2016. Anastasi, et al. Ann Occup Hyg2015. Conflict of interest: Corporate sponsored research or other substantive relationships: The study was funded by Becton-Dickinson laboratories. Data analysis and interpretation and the writing of all scientific communications were performed independently of the funder.Human decontamination
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Radioactive contamination can occur as a result of accidental or intentional release of radioactive materials (RM) into the environment. RM may deposit on clothing, skin, or hair. Decontamination of contaminated persons should be done as soon as possible to minimize the deleterious health effects of radiation. The goal of this study was to evaluate the decontamination efficiency (for residual contaminant) of the active components of "Shudhika," an indigenously developed skin decontamination kit. The study kit is for external radioactive decontamination of intact skin.Decontamination efficiency was evaluated on the skin surface of rabbit (n = 6) and human volunteers (n = 13). 99mTc sodium pertechnetate (200-250 μCi) was used as the radio-contaminant. Skin surface area (5 × 5 cm2) of thoracic abdominal region of the rabbit and the forearm and the palm of human volunteers were used for the study. Decontamination was performed by using cotton swabs soaked with chemical decontamination agents of the kit.Decontamination efficiency (% of the contaminant removed) was calculated for each component of the study. Overall effectiveness of the kit was calculated to be 85% ± 5% in animal and 92% ± 3% in human skin surfaces. Running water and liquid soap with water was able to decontaminate volunteers' hand and animal skin up to 70% ± 5%. Chemical decontamination agents were applied only for trace residues (30% ± 5%). Efficiency of all the kit components was found up to be 20% ± 3% (animal) and 28% ± 2 (human), respectively. Residual contamination after final decontamination attempt for both the models was observed to be 12% ± 3% and 5% ± 2%. After 24 and 48 hours of the decontamination procedure, skin was found to be normal (no redness, erythema and edema were observed).Decontaminants of the study kit were effective in removal of localized radioactive skin contamination when water is ineffective for further decontamination. By using the chemical decontaminants of the study kit, the use of water and radioactive waste generation could be reduced. Cross-contamination could also be avoided. During radiologic emergencies where water may be radioactively contaminated, the study kit could be used.
Human decontamination
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Radioactive skin contamination is one of the most likely risks which occurs after accidental or occupational radiological accidents apart from internal contamination. In such cases where the radioactive contamination has occurred, the person who is contaminated should be decontaminated as early as possible to reduce the damaging health effects of radiation. In the present study, the decontamination efficiency of a developed skin decontamination kit "dermadecon" has been evaluated in animal models and human subjects using gamma scintigraphy. Decontamination efficiency (percentage of the radioactive contaminant removed) was calculated for each radioactive isotope of the study and compared with control where general washing procedure was followed using liquid and soap. The effectiveness of the kit was calculated in animal model with respect to 99mTc-sodium-pertechnetate (99mTcO4−), 201TlCl and 131I and was found 92.84 ± 4.9%, 91.18 ± 3.23% and 94.67 ± 2.92%, respectively. Whereas, in case of human skin, the decontamination efficiency for 99mTcO4− was observed to be 95.00 ± 3.21%. On the basis of findings from the study, it can be concluded that the decontamination agents of the used skin decontamination kit are effective for removal of localized radioactive contaminants from skin, as compared with normal decontamination using soap and water.
Human decontamination
radioactive contamination
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An investigation was made of the efficiency of a series of cleansers both of the granular and waterless variety, plus a slurry and a special cream, in the decontamination of radioactivity on the skin, utilizing as laboratory soil the radioactive isotopes of I/sup 131/ and P/sup 32/. The test materials, in the quantities used, provided 0.05 mu c. in an alcoholic solution per application. The removal of radioactive contaminants on the skin was effected with a high degree of efficiency, (99.6%) in the case of P/sup 32/ and 99.0% for I/sup 131/. With the additional terminal wash by the subjects with granular cleanser uncontrolled by time, the amount of contaminant removed was essentially 100%. The granulated skin cleanser was superior to the waterless cleaner in effecting decontamination and a remarkably better agent than two commonly used for this purpose. In view of the high percentages of removal of the radioactive soil by the granular cleanser, it is recommended for use in both laboratory and industrial operations involving contamination of the skin by radioactive materials. In areas where water is not available, waterless hand cleansers can be utilized and should remove approximately 97% to 98% of the contamination. The protection offeredmore » by silicone and lanolin lotions was not of significance. No untoward effects were encountered from the use of these cleansing materials in the test situations described. (auth)« less
Cleanser
Human decontamination
Lanolin
radioactive contamination
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Abstract : A modified Draize test was used to determine the level of primary dermal irritation attributable to the physical abrasion resulting from the wiping action needed for decontamination with the Prototype M-258A-1 Decontamination Kit. Exposure sites were not occluded. Scores were below those considered to be caused by a primary irritant. (Author)
Human decontamination
Skin irritation
Abrasion (mechanical)
Primary (astronomy)
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Diagnostic application of 57Co-bleomycin (57Co.BLM) is considerably limited by the problem of patients urine contamination with the long-lived radionuclide (T1/2=270 days). A method for decontamination of urine using charcoal (Carbosorb pulvis) was tested in 10 patients examinated by the 57Co-BLM scan. About 95% of activity excreted into the urine was eliminated during the first 24 hours after injection. An average decontamination efficiency of 91.8% was obtained using the ratio of 10 g of charcoal/litre of contaminated urine. A method for urine decontamination applicable in clinical practice is proposed.
Human decontamination
Urine sample
Activated Charcoal
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Background Despite the use of closed system drug transfer devices (CSTD), residual contamination from antineoplastic drugs is still detected inside isolators. The aim of this study was to compare the decontamination level obtained using a CSTD + standard cleaning procedure with a CSTD + standard cleaning procedure + specific decontamination procedure. Methods and findings A comparative and prospective study was carried out in a newly opened compounding unit. Compounding was performed with a CSTD (BD-Phaseal, Becton-Dickinson). In the Control isolator (C), the cleaning process was completed daily with a standard biocide solution (AnioxysprayTM, Anios, France). In the Intervention isolator (I), weekly decontamination with a homemade admixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate 10−2 M/70% isopropanol (80/20, v/v) was added. Monitoring was performed via a validated LC-MS/MS method. Eight drugs (cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, fluorouracile, gemcitabine, ifosfamide, irinotecan and methotrexate) were monitored daily over 14 consecutive weeks on three sites inside the isolators: gloves, workbench and window. Results are presented as the odds-ratio (OR) of contamination and as overall decontamination efficiency (EffQ, %). The proportion of EffQ ≥ 90% was assessed by a Fisher's exact test (p<0.05). Overall contamination rates (CR, %) were significantly different from one isolator to the other (CRC = 25.3% vs. CRI = 10.4%; OR = 0.341; p<0.0001). Overall EffQ values (median; 1st and 3rd quartiles) were higher in the intervention isolator (I: 78.3% [34.6%;92.6%] vs. C: 59.5% [-5.5%;72.6%]; p = 0.0015) as well as the proportion of days with an EffQ ≥ 90% (I: 42.9% vs. C: 7.1%; p = 0.077) but very variable depending on drugs. Conclusion Adding a decontamination protocol with a tensioactive agent to a CSTD leads to better control of chemical contamination inside isolators. Improving decontamination by increasing decontamination frequency or modifying the protocol will be further studied.
Human decontamination
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2103 Objectives Radionuclidic contamination in a nuclear medicine department can occur. In order to determine an optimal decontamination procedure, our department evaluated specific decontamination products on I-131 and Tc-99m spills. Methods Our laboratory evaluated I-131 and Tc-99m decontamination procedures on linoleum using four products: Dr. K Iodowash; Radiacwash (Biodex); Super Sani Cloth; Comet Cleanser/Brillo pad. For each procedure, a linoleum sample was spotted with the specific radionuclide. After 30 minutes, the spill was wiped, the specific product applied for 10 seconds and removed. This was followed by a soaking procedure with the same product (5 minutes) followed by wiping. A control decontamination procedure using water was also performed. Prior to and after each decontamination procedure radiation levels were measured using a GM survey meter/pancake probe and percent contamination calculated. Decay correction was utilized whenever appropriate. After determining an optimal method, a decontamination procedure was performed. Results For I-131 linoleum contamination, a 36.6%, 52.1%, 90.8%, 98.4%, and 36.0% reduction was noted for Dr. K Iodowash, Radiacwash, Super Sani Cloth, Comet Cleanser/Brillo pad and control, respectively. For Tc-99m linoleum contamination, a 75.9%, 80.4%, 91.7%, 96.6% and 5.8% reduction was noted for Dr. K ‘Iodowash, Radiacwash, Super Sani Cloth, Comet Cleanser/Brillo pad and control, respectively. The optimal Tc-99m decontamination procedure consisted of two steps, Super Sani Cloth wipe followed by a Comet Cleanser/Brillo decontamination procedure. With this procedure, contamination removal from Super Sani Cloth wipe and Comet Cleanser/Brillo pad was 74.4% and 98.1%, respectively. Conclusions Various decontamination products suitable for I-131 and Tc-99m spills were evaluated. As a result, an optimal decontamination procedure was formulated consisting of two steps: Super Sani Cloth wipe decontamination followed by a more intense Comet Cleanser/Brillo pad decontamination
Human decontamination
Cleanser
radioactive contamination
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Living 4-6 week-aged San Yuan white pigs (Suzhou, China) were used in skin decontamination experiments. Following a standard procedure, SM series of decontamination agents were used for decontamination of liquid nuclides. The results of immediate decontamination were as follows: K(decontamination efficiency) = 97. 7% (decontamination factor DF = 43. 5) for 131I; K 99% (DF100) for 90Sr/90Y, MFP and U+TRU; K =99. 9% (DF = 1000) for 137Cs. In 3 h-delayed decontamination,DF = 27-67 ( K =96. 3%-98. 5%) for the nuclides mentioned above. When the initiatory MFP contamination increased from 20 to 300 s-1 . cm-2, the value of DF by immediate decontamination increased from 20 to 173 with the remaining activity not higher than 10 Bq . cm-2, and no additional decontamination was needed. For radioactive ash contamination of skin, DF=57-1000 ( K =:98. 2%-99. 9%) in 4 h-delayed decontamination. SM series of decontamination agents are neutral liquid or cream without any irritative effect on skin. They are effective and easy to use in skin decontamination.
Human decontamination
Nuclide
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