Response of common bean and groundnut to co-inoculation of trichoderma and rhizobia in an acid soil
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Trichoderma
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In sub-Saharan Africa, crop production has continued to decline due to soil infertility, limited arable land, among other factors. This has necessitated the use of inorganic farm inputs, which are expensive and have detrimental environmental effects. Rhizobia technology can enhance legume crop production. The present study aimed at assessing the potential of native rhizobia isolates from different Kenyan agro-ecological zones to enhance legume production. Native rhizobia were isolated from root nodules of cowpea grown in soils from Embu and Tharaka Nithi counties. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, 53 bacterial isolates were identified and placed into 11 groups. The isolates were tested for symbiotic efficiency in the greenhouse using Glycine max, Vigna unguiculata, and Vigna radiata grown in sterilized and unsterilized soils. The treatments comprised native rhizobia isolates, commercial rhizobia inoculum and un-inoculated control. The experiments were laid out in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Remarkably, forty five rhizobia isolates induced nodulation and influenced the growth of the test crops. Symbiotic efficiencies differed among the isolates (p<0.05) in all the crops. There was a significant difference on growth parameters between sterilized and un-sterilized soils after inoculating the test crops with native rhizobia isolates (p < 0.05). Some native rhizobia isolates such as IsAS11, IsM and IsAS14 performed similarly to the commercial inoculum in soya bean, cowpea and green gram. These findings demonstrate the potential use of native rhizobia isolates in the development of low-cost bio-fertilizers for enhanced smallholder legume production.
Radiata
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Azospirillum brasilense
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Bradyrhizobium
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Selection of osmotolerant rhizobia gained importance because of increasing soil salinity in many regions. A field experiment in the Cauto Valley was conducted to determine the effect of seed inoculation with two native strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. on biological nitrogen (N)-fixation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on a salt affected soil. Inoculation with both strains resulted in higher numbers of nodules, specific N-fixation, and yields of cowpeas than the control without inoculation. The strain VIBA-1 (Bradyrhizobium liaoningense) was partly superior to VIBA-2 (Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense). This study indicates that the strains inoculated are competitive against other natural strains and able to nodulate cowpea.
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While pulses are staple food-legumes in Ethiopia, their productivity is low due to low soil fertility. Elite rhizobial strains that significantly increased shoot dry weight and nitrogen (N) contents of common beans and soybeans in greenhouse were selected for two-year field trials to evaluate their effect on yields of the pulses in the field. Each pulse had six treatments, namely four rhizobial inoculants, uninoculated control, and synthetic N fertilizer. In the drought-affected year 2015, inoculated pulses tolerated moisture stress better than non-inoculated controls. Inoculation was conducive to higher or equivalent yields compared to synthetic N fertilizer. At Halaba, bean inoculated with strain HAMBI3562 gave the highest grain yield (1500 ± 81 kg ha−1; mean±SE) while the control yielded only 653 ± 22 kg ha−1. At Boricha, HAMBI3570 gave a grain yield (640 ± 35 kg ha−1) comparable to synthetic N. When rainfall was optimal in 2016, inoculation with HAMBI3562 and HAMBI3570 gave grain yields (around 4300 kg ha−1) equivalent to synthetic N. With soybean, strain HAMBI3513 produced consistently higher or comparable biomass and grain yields compared to synthetic N. In conclusion, HAMBI3562 and HAMBI3570 for beans and HAMBI3513 for soybeans can serve as inoculants for areas having similar conditions as the test areas.
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The potency and competitive ability of indigenous rhizobia population in soil to nodulate a non-native legume host has been contentious especially in tropical Africa. This study examined the symbiotic compatibility between the indigenous rhizobia population and a non-native legume species. Soil samples were randomly collected with soil auger at 0 - 30 cm depth from agricultural fields southeast, Nigeria. The control soil samples were obtained from the Badagry beach which had no previous history of legume cultivation at the same depth. Mucuna pruriens seeds were aseptically sown in plastic pots containing these soils kept in the greenhouse for 10 weeks. The test pots were watered with sterile distilled water while the control pots received inorganic nitrogen (N) as source of N nutrient. The agronomic features of the host legume were evaluated after 10 weeks and the presence of appropriate Rhizobium inoculant contributed positively to biomass production in M. pruriens. The Mucuna microsymbiont was found to thrive under favorable climatic and edaphic factors for effective nodulation of the host legume. The microsymbiont was identified on yeast-extract mannitol salt agar (YEMA) containing bromothymol blue (BTB) as Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium species. This study convincingly showed the importance of rhizobia to soil fertility maintenance in sustainable agricultural practice as well as the adaptability of the legume microsymbiont to different ecological zones particularly the tropical humid environment. Key words: Inoculation, Mucuna pruriens, nodulation, organic agriculture, Rhizobium, soil fertility.
Mucuna pruriens
Mucuna
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In the present study, in addition to farmyard manure (FYM), cowpea was applied as green manure and faba bean as an intercrop in an organic greenhouse tomato crop, aiming to increase the levels of soil N. Three experiments (E1, E2, E3) were carried out, in which legumes were either noninoculated or inoculated with rhizobia alone or together with plant growth, promoting rhizobacteria. Inoculation of legumes with rhizobia considerably increased N2 fixation in E1 but had no impact on N2 fixation in E2 and E3. In E1, the application of cowpea decreased yield because it imposed a stronger nematode infection as the cowpea plants acted as a good host for Meloidogyne. However, in E2 and E3 the nematode infection was successfully controlled and the legumes significantly increased the tomato yield when inoculated in E2, irrespective of legume inoculation in E3. The total N concentration in the tomato plant tissues was significantly increased by legume application in E2 and E3, but not in E1. These results show that legumes applied as green manure can successfully complement N supply via FYM in organic greenhouse tomato, while legume inoculation with rhizobia can increase the amounts of nitrogen provided to the crop via green manure.
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Abstract BACKGROUND In the current agricultural model, the massive use of chemical fertilizer causes environmental and economic losses. Inoculation of plant‐growth‐promoting ( PGP ) nitrogen‐fixing bacteria is an alternative to the use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. In this study, rhizobia strains isolated from common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) root nodules were evaluated in an effort to identify an efficient nitrogen‐fixing rhizobia strain able to improve bean germination and growth. RESULTS Common bean plants were collected from seven sites in southern Brazil, and 210 native rhizobia isolates were obtained. Evaluation of PGP traits showed that most of the rhizobia isolates were non‐siderophore producers and weak indolic compounds producers. Under laboratory conditions, rhizobia isolates E15 ( Rhizobium leguminosarum ) and L5 ( Rhizobium radiobacter ) increase germination percentage, length, and dry weight of common bean and arugula ( Eruca sativa ) seedlings. Under greenhouse conditions, common bean plants inoculated with the rhizobia isolates VC28 and L15 (both Rhizobium fabae ) presented the highest nodule number and shoot dry matter, while VC28 also presented the highest values of shoot nitrogen and potassium. Isolate L17 presented highly effective N fixation, even with reduced nodulation. CONCLUSION These new rhizobia isolates are attractive PGP alternatives to chemical fertilizers. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Eruca
Rhizobium leguminosarum
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