Estimated collective effective dose to the population from radiological examinations in Slovenia
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Objectives: To systematically evaluate population exposure from diagnostic and interventional radiological procedures in Slovenia. Methods: The study was conducted in scope of the “Dose Datamed 2” project. A standard methodology based on 20 selected radiological procedures was adopted. Frequencies of the procedures were determined via questionnaires that were sent to all providers of radiological procedures while data about patient exposure per procedure were collected from existing databases. Collective effective dose to the population and effective dose per capita were estimated from the collected data using dose conversion factors. Results: The total collective effective dose to the population from radiological and nuclear medicine procedures in 2011 was estimated to 1400 manSv and an effective dose per capita to 0.7 mSv of which almost 60% are due to CT procedures. Conclusions: The results show that population exposure from medical procedures in Slovenia is under the European average.Keywords:
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[Objective] To understand the individual dose level of occupational external exposure of medical radiation workers in Heping District of Tianjin,establish the personal dose profile,strengthen the management of radiation protection,and ensure the health of radiation workers.[Methods]The individual dose level of radiation exposure workers in Heping district of Tianjin was detected by thermoluminescence dosimetry method.The monitoring results of 1 232 person/time from 2009 to 2011 were statistically analyzed according to different years,different work types and different dose groups.[Results]During 2009-2011,the total collective dose equivalent was 807.8 mSv per capita,the per capita annual dose equivalent was 0.656 mSv/a,and radiation exposure workers whose annual dose was less than 5 mSv accounted for 97.40%.Among different work types,the per capita annual dose equivalent of interventional radiology workers was the highest(1.479 mSv/a),followed by medical diagnostic X-ray workers,and that of the nuclear medicine workers was the lowest.[Conclusion]Most of radiation workers have low individual dose level in Heping district Tianjin,the working conditions and environment are basically in accordance with the requirements.However,the monitoring results of individual dose level in some radiation workers,especially clinical interventional radiology,have exceeded the standard limit.It is important to pay attention to the high individual dose level among clinical interventional radiology workers,strengthen the radiation protection management,and reduce the levels of individual dose.
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Medical radiation
Interventional radiology
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Background/Objective: The risks of low-dose ionizing radiation from radiology and nuclear medicine are not clearly determined. Effective dose to population is a very important factor in risk estimation. The study aimed to determine the effective dose from diagnostic radiation medicine in a northern province of Iran. Materials and Methods: Data about various radiologic and nuclear medicine procedures were collected from all radiology and nuclear medicine departments in Mazandaran Province (population = 2,898,031); and using the standard dosimetry tables, the total dose, dose per examination, and annual effective dose per capita as well as the annual gonadal dose per capita were estimated. Results: 655,730 radiologic examinations in a year’s period, lead to 1.45 mSv, 0.33 mSv and 0.31 mGy as average effective dose per examination, annual average effective dose to member of the public, and annual average gonadal dose per capita, respectively. The frequency of medical radiologic examinations was 2,262 examinations annually per 10,000 members of population. However, the total number of nuclear medicine examinations in the same period was 7074, with 4.37 mSv, 9.6 μSv and 9.8 μGy, as average effective dose per examination, annual average effective dose to member of the public and annual average gonadal dose per caput, respectively. The frequency of nuclear medicine examination was 24 examinations annually per 10,000 members of population. Conclusion: The average effective dose per examination was nearly similar to other studies. However, the average annual effective dose and annual average gonadal dose per capita were less than the similar values in other reports, which could be due to lesser number of radiation medicine examinations in the present study.
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The largest contribution to the man made radiation exposure of population is from medical exposures and it continues growing. In this work, the collective doses from medical exposures from nuclear medicine diagnostic examinations were estimated for year 2010 in Republic of Croatia according to the European Commission DDM2 project methodology. The collective dose was calculated according to the frequencies of the most frequent nuclear medicine examinations and average effective dose per procedure. The frequencies of different examinations were extracted from Croatian Institute for Health Insurance (CIHI) database. Since database is made for reimbursement we investigated usability of database by comparing it with a survey in 7 out of 9 major Croatian nuclear medicine departments. Average administered activities for 28 most frequent nuclear medicine examinations were surveyed and converted to effective doses according to the ICRP dose coefficients. 41.700 nuclear medicine examinations in a year period leaded to 139 manSv collective effective dose. The frequency of nuclear medicine examination was 10.4 examinations annually per 1, 000 members of population with 34.8 μSv effective dose per caput what is comparable to the published values from the DDM2 project. The range and the mean of administered activities are in the range of published values. A lot of uncertainties were revealed if CIHI database is used for population dose survey. If such surveys would be done regularly, the national radiation protection regulatory body and relevant professional societies should work on more straightforward way of data acquisition.
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Each Member State of the European Union is currently committed to producing national legislation demonstrating conformity with the European Directive on medical exposures [1]. In the run up to the production of the Directive, the Article 31 group of experts considered a formal requirement for each Member State to produce annual returns on the total radiation exposure of its population. Finally a proposal to provide estimates of population exposure from medical radiation was made part of the Directive and Article 12 reads:
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Objective: To analyze the personal dose of radiation exposure of radiation workers in some medical institutions in Tianjin, and to provide reference for radiation protection work. Methods: Using cluster sampling method, 8718 radiation workers from some medical institutions (including tertiary, secondary and first-level hospitals) in Tianjin from 2014 to 2018 were selected as the subjects of investigation. Monitoring data were collected, analyzed and evaluated. Results: From 2014 to 2018, a total of 8718 persons were monitored, with 14 persons (0.2%) whose annual effective dose was higher than 5 mSv; 8661 persons (99.3%) whose annual effective dose was lower than 2 mSv; 43 persons (0.5%) whose annual effective dose per capita was the highest in diagnostic radiology, which was 0.22 mSv; the annual effective dose per capita of radiation workers in primary and secondary hospitals was higher than that in tertiary hospitals; and the abnormal rate of individual dose monitoring was 73. Personnel, accounting for 0.8% of the total number of monitored personnel; the annual effective dose changes of the four types of radiation workers monitored from 2014 to 2018 showed a downward trend, and the annual effective dose of the four types of radiation workers in 2014 was the highest. Conclusion: Personal dosage of radiation workers in some medical institutions in Tianjin is at a low level, and attention should be paid to diagnostic radiology workers.目的： 分析天津市部分医疗机构放射工作人员的外照射个人剂量情况，为放射防护工作提供参考。 方法： 采用整群抽样方法，选取2014至2018年天津市部分医疗机构（包含三级、二级、一级医院）的所有放射工作人员为调查对象，包括X射线影像诊断技师、放射治疗技师、核医学技师和介入放射学技师，共8 718人，收集整理职业性外照射个人剂量数据，分析和评价其职业性外照射接触水平。 结果： 2014~2018年共监测8 718人次，年有效剂量高于5 mSv的有14人（占0.2%），低于2 mSv的有8 661人次（占99.3%）；2~5.00 mSv有43人（占0.5%）；人均年有效剂量最高的是X射线影像诊断技师（0.22 mSv）；一级和二级医院放射工作人员人均年有效剂量高于三级医院；个人剂量监测异常达73人次，占监测人数的0.8%；2014~2018年4类监测的放射工种工作人员年均有效剂量变化均呈下降趋势，调查中2014年4种放射工作人员年均有效剂量最高。 结论： 天津市部分医疗机构放射工作人员个人剂量均处于较低水平，应重点关注诊断技师接触水平。.
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Objective To investigate the individual level of radiation exposure in hospital workers from 2010 to 2018. Methods Oral radiology workers in our hospital including medical imaging technicians and radiation therapists from 2010 to 2018 were selected as the subjects of investigation. The oral radiological workers were monitored quarterly according to the level of external exposure via individual dose monitoring standards. The monitoring data were aggregated, analyzed and evaluated. Results A total of 531 hospital radiology workers were monitored from 2010 to 2018. The rate of effective monitoring per year for medical imaging technicians and radiation therapists was 97.35% and 97.47%, respectively. The average collective effective dose was 8.511 mSv, and annual effective dose per capita was 0.148 mSv. The highest collective effective dose was in 2017, while the highest annual effective dose per capita was in 2010. The annual effective dose per capita for medical imaging technicians was lower than that for radiation therapists. The abnormal rate of personal doses of radiation therapists was higher than that for medical imaging technicians. The collective effective dose changes in the two types of radiation workers were monitored from 2010 to 2018, showing an increased trend. The fluctuations of annual effective dosing per capita monitored from 2010 to 2018 in radiation therapists was more significant than that in medical imaging technicians. Conclusions Oral radiation workers monitored were all far below the dose limit of 20 mSv, which indicated that the working environment of oral radiation workers in our hospital was safe with good radiation condition and protection.
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The present work evaluates the per-procedure, annual collective and per-capita effective doses to the Aosta Valley region population from nuclear medicine (NM) examinations performed from 2005 to 2011 at the regional NM department. Based on its demographical and socioeconomics characteristics, this area can be considered as representative of the level I countries, as defined by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. The NM per-procedures effective doses were within the range of 0.018–35 mSv. A steady frequency per 10 000 inhabitants has been observed, together with a decrease for thyroid and whole-body bone scintigraphy. Myocardial and bone scintigraphy studies were the major contributors to the total collective effective dose. The mean annual collective and per-capita effective doses to the population were 15 man Sv y−1 and 120 µSv y−1, respectively. The NM contribution to the total per-capita effective dose accounts for 5.9 % of that due to the medical ionising radiation examinations overall.
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Bone scintigraphy
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We have evaluated how changes in nuclear medicine (NM) techniques over the last twenty-year period have modified radiation exposure to the patient and population. For this purpose, we estimated the variations in the mean effective dose to the patient, and both the collective and the per capita effective dose to the population of the province of Varese, derived from radioisotope examinations carried out in the four NM Centers of this province in the years 1972, 1981, and 1991. Dosimetric calculations were based on ICRP Publication 53 for most of the radiopharmaceuticals used, and tissue weighting factors were based on ICRP Publication 60. The total number of NM exams carried out was 19,744 in 1972, 31,973 in 1981, and 23,623 in 1991. Between 1972 and 1991 there has been a substantial decrease in the effective irradiation to the patient and to the general population (mean effective dose to the patient: from 21.2 to 6 mSv; per capita mean effective dose: from 0.58 to 0.18 mSv), and in the per capita equivalent dose to some target organs, such as the thyroid (9.6-->1.5 mSv) and liver (0.51-->0.07 mSv). At the same time, there has been a significant increase in the per capita equivalent dose to the bladder (0.05-->0.48 mSv), skeleton (0.08-->0.36 mSv), and testes (0.02-->0.15 mSv), and a less marked increase to the ovaries (0.03-->0.06 mSv). The per capita equivalent dose to red marrow (0.13-->0.1 mSv) and to the large intestine (0.1-->0.12 mSv) did not change significantly.
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Collective dose
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