Microshear Bond Strength and Microleakage of a Restorative Composite Resin with Salivary Contamination at Different Time Intervals
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Introduction : Saliva contamination is an inevitable and common challenge in the field of restorative dentistry. Recognizing and considering the key time of isolation is an effective strategy to prevent the deleterious effects of salivary contamination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of salivary contamination in the course of light curing on microshear bond strength and microleakage of a restorative composite resin. Methods: 140 human third molars were divided into seven groups each containing 10 samples for measuring the microleakage and the microshear bond strength. The specimen of each group was contaminated with human saliva at a certain time, while group1 was contaminated in prior to light curing. The samples in groups 2 to 7 were contaminated with saliva at 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 s after the start of light curing, respectively. The specimens of group7 were light cured and contaminated afterwards with human saliva. Results: According to the gathered results, the time of saliva contamination had significant negative effects on the microshear bond strength to the dentin and enamel in the course of light curing throughout the first 2s and 5s, respectively. It was indicated by the microleacage test that the saliva contamination in the first 2s, 5s, and 10s during light curing had a higher microleakage than the other times. Conclusion: In conclusion, during light curing of the composite resin, the first 10s was high sensitive to saliva contamination and therefore the isolation is very important in this time.Cite
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Abstract Background Saliva is an attractive sample for detecting SARS-CoV-2. However, contradictory reports exist concerning the sensitivity of saliva versus nasal swabs. Methods We followed close contacts of COVID-19 cases for up to 14 days from last exposure and collected self-reported symptoms, mid-turbinate swabs (MTS), and saliva every two or three days. Ct values, viral load, and frequency of viral detection by MTS and saliva were compared. Results 58 contacts provided 200 saliva-MTS pairs; 14 contacts (13 with symptoms) had one or more positive samples. Saliva and MTS had similar rates of viral detection (p=0.78) and substantial agreement (κ=0.83). However, sensitivity varied significantly with time since symptom onset. Early on (days -3 to 2), saliva had 12 times (95%CI: 1.2, 130) greater likelihood of viral detection and 3.2 times (95% CI: 2.8, 3.8) higher RNA copy numbers compared to MTS. After day 2 post-symptoms, there was a non-significant trend toward greater sensitivity using MTS. Conclusion Saliva and MTS demonstrated high agreement making saliva a suitable alternative to MTS for COVID-19 detection. Saliva was more sensitive early in the infection when transmission is most likely to occur, suggesting that it may be a superior and cost-effective screening tool for COVID-19.
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The findings of this manuscript are increasingly important with new variants that appear to have shorter incubation periods emerging, which may be more prone to detection in saliva before detection in nasal swabs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide the science to support the use of a detection method that is highly sensitive and widely acceptable to the public to improve screening rates and early detection.
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak
Betacoronavirus
Sars virus
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During dental erosion, tooth minerals are dissolved, leading to a softening of the surface and consequently to irreversible surface loss. Components from human saliva form a pellicle on the tooth surface, providing some protection against erosion. To assess the effect of different components and compositions of saliva on the protective potential of the pellicle against enamel erosion, we prepared four different kinds of saliva: human whole stimulated saliva (HS), artificial saliva containing only ions (AS), human saliva dialysed against artificial saliva, containing salivary proteins and ions (HS/AS), and human saliva dialysed against deionised water, containing only salivary proteins but no ions (HS/DW). Enamel specimens underwent four cycles of immersion in either HS, AS, HS/AS, HS/DW, or a humid chamber (Ctrl), followed by erosion with citric acid. During the cycling process, the surface hardness and the calcium released from the surface of the specimens were measured. The different kinds of saliva provided different levels of protection, HS/DW exhibiting significantly better protection than all the other groups (p < 0.0001). Different components of saliva, therefore, have different effects on the protective properties of the pellicle and the right proportions of these components in saliva are critical for the ability to form a protective pellicle.
Tooth surface
Human tooth
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A rapid assay for detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in saliva was evaluated as a screening method for congenital infection. Samples of saliva were examined by detection of early antigen fluorescent foci (DEAFF) and standard tissue culture (TC). Results were compared with those from urine DEAFF. CMV was detected in saliva from 31 (1.7%) of 1870 newborns, 26 by DEAFF and TC, 1 by DEAFF alone, and 4 by TC alone. Urine DEAFF was positive in 28 of these 31 newborns. The sensitivities of various tests were saliva TC, 96.8%; saliva DEAFF, 87.1 %; and urine DEAFF, 90.3%. A change in transport medium for 825 saliva samples resulted in improved sensitivities: saliva TC and saliva DEAFF, 100%; urine DEAFF, 92.3%. Screening saliva of newborns for CMV appears to be at least as sensitive a method for detecting congenital infection as detection of viruria; saliva can be collected with less difficulty and expense than urine.
Cytomegalovirus
Betaherpesvirinae
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In order to clarify how we collect saliva for analyzing salivary protein in aged subjects who can not eat well, we compared the effects of suction, spitting and the swab saliva collection method on the yield of protein components in saliva samples from normal volunteers. The saliva collected by suction, spitting and the swab method were designated as, Saliva I, II and III, respectively.The saliva volume collected by Saliva I was about 2-fold greater than that by of Saliva II and III. This is mainly due to the fact that saliva secretion was stimulated by the suction itself. The content of total protein, S-IgA, trypsin-like activity and human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT) were almost the same in Saliva I and II, and significantly lower in Saliva III than in Saliva I and II. Kallikrein activity was almost the same in Saliva I, II and III. The concentration of each total protein, S-IgA, kallikrein activity, trypsin activity and HAT in Saliva I were significantly positively correlated with that in Saliva II.These results indicate that we can obtain information of change of salivary protein by analyzing saliva collected by suction method, although this method caused the stimulation of saliva to some extent. J. Med. Invest. 53: 140-146, February, 2006
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Abstract Here, we develop a simple molecular test for SARS-CoV-2 in saliva based on reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). The test has two steps: 1) heat saliva with a stabilization solution, and 2) detect virus by incubating with a primer/enzyme mix. After incubation, saliva samples containing the SARS-CoV-2 genome turn bright yellow. Because this test is pH dependent, it can react falsely to some naturally acidic saliva samples. We report unique saliva stabilization protocols that rendered 295 healthy saliva samples compatible with the test, producing zero false positives. We also evaluated the test on 278 saliva samples from individuals who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 but had no symptoms at the time of saliva collection, and from 54 matched pairs of saliva and anterior nasal samples from infected individuals. The Saliva TwoStep test described herein identified infections with 94% sensitivity and >99% specificity in individuals with sub-clinical (asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic) infections.
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Saliva diagnostics have become increasingly popular due to their non-invasive nature and patient-friendly collection process. Various collection methods are available, yet these are not always well standardized for either quantitative or qualitative analysis. In line, the objective of this study was to evaluate if measured levels of various biomarkers in the saliva of healthy individuals were affected by three distinct saliva collection methods: 1) unstimulated saliva, 2) chew stimulated saliva, and 3) oral rinse. Saliva samples from 30 healthy individuals were obtained by the three collection methods. Then, the levels of various salivary biomarkers such as proteins and ions were determined. It was found that levels of various biomarkers obtained from unstimulated saliva were comparable to those in chew stimulated saliva. The levels of potassium, sodium, and amylase activity differed significantly among the three collection methods. Levels of all biomarkers measured using the oral rinse method significantly differed from those obtained from unstimulated and chew-stimulated saliva. In conclusion, both unstimulated and chew-stimulated saliva provided comparable levels for a diverse group of biomarkers. However, the results obtained from the oral rinse method significantly differed from those of unstimulated and chew-stimulated saliva, due to the diluted nature of the saliva extract.
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Objective. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP‐1) has been identified as a potential biomarker in diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Since TIMP‐1 resides in most tissues and bodily fluids, we evaluated the potential of using saliva to obtain reproducible TIMP‐1 measurements in a non‐invasive manner. Material and methods. Samples of unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva and saliva collected from individual glands were analysed for TIMP‐1 content. A TIMP‐1 ELISA was validated for use in saliva testing and the most optimal sampling and handling procedures for reproducible measurements identified. Western blotting and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry were used for confirmatory analyses. Results. The TIMP‐1 ELISA was found suitable for saliva measurements. All saliva secretions contained TIMP‐1, but in different concentrations ranging from 2.81 ng/mL in submandibular/sublingual saliva to 173.88 ng/mL in parotid saliva. TIMP‐1 concentrations were influenced to a varying degree by fluctuations in flow. We found the lowest output in submandibular/sublingual saliva stimulated with 0.5 % citric acid (3.56 ng/min) and highest output in chewing‐stimulated whole saliva (267.01 ng/min). Conclusion. This study shows that saliva contains authentic TIMP‐1, the concentration of which was found to depend on gland type and salivary flow. Stimulated whole saliva is suggested as a reliable and easily accessible source for TIMP‐1 determinations in bodily fluids.
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This study aimed to evaluate the bond strength of a universal adhesive system to enamel surrounding real-life carious cavities. Twenty-eight permanent molars (n = 7) with carious lesions in dentin were subjected to selective carious tissue removal to firm dentin and had their crowns sectioned longitudinally. A universal adhesive system (Single Bond Universal [SBU] used in either etch-and-rinse and self-etch strategies) was compared with an etch-and-rinse Adper Single Bond 2 (ASB) and a self-etch Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) adhesive systems (control systems). Adhesives were applied on the enamel, assumed demineralized, surrounding the cavity margins and on sound enamel (control substrate). Composite cylinders were built (0.72 mm2) and microshear bond strength (µSBS) test was performed after 24 h of water storage. The µSBS values (MPa) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Bond strength values obtained in demineralized enamel surrounding carious cavity margins were significantly lower than that obtained in sound enamel (distant from carious cavity margins) (p = 0.035). The bonding strategy of the SBU did not influenced the bond strength values, which were higher than that obtained with ASB. CSE showed similar µSBS values to ASB and SBU in the self-etch mode. In conclusion, the bond strength to enamel assumed demineralized is lower than to sound enamel. The enamel surrounding carious cavities jeopardize the bonding of universal adhesive system. The bond strength of universal adhesive is similar, regardless to bonding strategy.
Universal testing machine
Dental bonding
Single bond
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