Migraine chronification is associated with beta-band connectivity within the pain-related cortical regions: a magnetoencephalographic study
Fu‐Jung HsiaoWei‐Ta ChenHung-Yu LiuYen-Feng WangShih‐Pin ChenKuan‐Lin LaiLi‐Ling Hope PanGianluca CoppolaShuu‐Jiun Wang
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Abstract Pain disorders are associated with aberrant oscillations in the pain-related cortical regions; however, few studies have investigated the relationship between the functional cortical network and migraine chronification through direct neural signals. Magnetoencephalography was used to record the resting-state brain activity of healthy controls as well as patients with episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM). The source-based oscillatory dynamics of the pain-related cortical regions, which comprises 10 node regions (the bilateral primary [SI] and secondary somatosensory cortices, insula, medial frontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex [ACC]), were calculated to determine the intrinsic connectivity and node strength at 1 to 40 Hz. The total node strength within the pain-related cortical regions was smaller in the beta band in patients with migraine (70 EM and 80 CM) than in controls (n = 65). In the beta band, the node strength and functional connectivity values of patients with CM and patients with EM differed from those of controls in specific cortical areas, notably the left SI (EM < control) and bilateral ACC (CM < control); moreover, the node strength was lower in patients with CM than in those with EM. In all patients with migraine, negative correlations were observed between headache frequency and node strength in the bilateral ACC. In conclusion, migraine is characterized by reduced beta oscillatory connectivity within the pain-related cortical regions. Reduced beta connectivity in the ACC is linked to migraine chronification. Longitudinal studies should verify whether this oscillation change is a brain signature and a potential neuromodulation target for migraine.Keywords:
Magnetoencephalography
Magnetoencephalography
Somatosensory evoked potential
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The use of functional neuroimaging holds the promise of improving neurosurgical outcomes by providing preoperative localization of critical brain functions. The brain representation of somatosensory function can be effectively localized using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in both normal subjects and in patients with tumors, vascular malformation, and epilepsy. This study investigates the pattern of somatosensory localization in 45 patients. Thirty-two of these patients underwent subsequent resective surgery for brain pathologies. Electrical stimulation of the median nerve was conducted, and the most prominent somatosensory peak in the resultant averaged data was localized using the single equivalent current dipole technique. Results showed that this peak localized either to the central or postcentral sulcus of the somatosensory cortex. We found that neither age nor the presence of brain pathologies had significant effect on the recognition of the somatosensory cortex. Patients who underwent surgery after presurgical planning using MEG suffered no new somatosensory deficits, indicating the valuable role of pre-surgical mapping using MEG in the surgical planning.
Magnetoencephalography
Central sulcus
Somatosensory evoked potential
Surgical Planning
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Object Before resective brain surgery, localization of the functional regions is necessary to minimize postoperative deficits. The face area has been relatively difficult to map noninvasively by using functional imaging techniques. Preoperative localization of face somatosensory cortex with magnetoencephalography (MEG) may allow the surgeon to predict the location of mouth motor areas. Methods The authors compared the location of face somatosensory cortex obtained with somatosensory evoked fields during preoperative MEG with the mouth motor areas identified during intraoperative electrocortical stimulation (ECS) mapping in 13 patients undergoing resection of brain tumor. Results In this group of patients, ECS mouth motor sites were usually anterior and lateral to MEG localizations of lip somatosensory cortex. The consistent quantitative relationship between results of these two mapping procedures allows the practitioner to predict the location of mouth motor cortex based on noninvasive preoperative MEG measurements. Conclusions Based on this result, the authors suggest that somatosensory mapping using MEG can be used to guide intraoperative mapping and neurosurgical planning.
Magnetoencephalography
Somatosensory evoked potential
Brain mapping
Surgical Planning
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To evaluate the gamma-band activity related to somatosensory processing, we recorded neuromagnetic signals from seven healthy subjects. The source power changes evoked by electrical stimulation of the median nerve were estimated with synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM). Source power in the low gamma band (40 Hz) decreased in the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (SI) for a few hundred milliseconds (i.e. middle and long latency) and then increased inversely. Source power in the high gamma band (70-90 Hz) increased simultaneously both in the contralateral SI and contra/ipsilateral secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) in 80-180 ms. These results suggest that low and high gamma oscillations work under independent mechanisms during somatosensory processing. In particular, high gamma oscillations may play an essential role in making a functional connection between SI and SII.
Magnetoencephalography
Somatosensory evoked potential
Secondary somatosensory cortex
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Somatosensory evoked potential
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Short-time passive tactile stimulation at 20 Hz improves tactile discrimination acuity. We investigated whether sustained 20 Hz stimulation also modifies cortical responses and whether these changes are plastic as indicated by differences between subsequent recording sessions. Touch stimuli (20 Hz) were applied to the fingertip, and β and γ oscillations at multiples of the stimulus frequency were recorded with magnetoencephalography. Neuromagnetic sources were found in the contralateral somatosensory cortex. β Responses decreased within a session, but recovered after a break between two sessions. In contrast, γ responses were consistent across repeated blocks and increased between the sessions. The differences between β and γ activities suggest that stimulus experience enhanced the temporal precision of the cortical stimulus representation, whereas the magnitude of the primary somatosensory response remained constant.
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The mysteries of early development of cortical processing in humans have started to unravel with the help of new noninvasive brain research tools like multichannel magnetoencephalography (MEG). In this review, we evaluate, within a wider neuroscientific and clinical context, the value of MEG in studying normal and disturbed functional development of the human somatosensory system. The combination of excellent temporal resolution and good localization accuracy provided by MEG has, in the case of somatosensory studies, enabled the differentiation of activation patterns from the newborn's primary (SI) and secondary somatosensory (SII) areas. Furthermore, MEG has shown that the functioning of both SI and SII in newborns has particular immature features in comparison with adults. In extremely preterm infants, the neonatal MEG response from SII also seems to potentially predict developmental outcome: those lacking SII responses at term show worse motor performance at age two years than those with normal SII responses at term. In older children with unilateral early brain lesions, bilateral alterations in somatosensory cortical activation detected in MEG imply that the impact of a localized insult may have an unexpectedly wide effect on cortical somatosensory networks. The achievements over the last decade show that MEG provides a unique approach for studying the development of the somatosensory system and its disturbances in childhood. MEG well complements other neuroimaging methods in studies of cortical processes in the developing brain.
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