Insight into skywave theory and breakthrough applications in resource exploration
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Skywave refers to the electromagnetic wave reflected or refracted from the ionosphere and propagated in the form of a guided wave between the ionosphere and the Earth's surface. Since the skywave can propagate over large distances, it has been widely used in long-distance communication. This paper explores and demonstrates the feasibility of skywave for deep resource and energy exploration at depths of up to 10 km. Theoretical and technical advancements were accomplished in furthering skywave applications. A new solution method based on Green's function has been developed to study skywave propagation in a fully coupled lithosphere-air-ionosphere full space model. For the first time, the model allows one to study skywave distribution characteristics in the lithosphere containing inhomogeneity such as ore deposits or oil and gas reservoirs. This model also lays a foundation for skywave data processing and interpretation. On a parallel line, we have developed a multi-channel, broadband, low-noise, portable data acquisition system suitable for receiving skywave signals. Using the skywave field excited by a high-power fixed source located in central China, actual field surveys have been carried out in some areas in China including the Biyang depression of Henan Province. The initial results appear encouraging-the interpreted resistivity models prove to be consistent with those of seismic exploration and known geological information, and the exploration cost is only ∼1/4 to 1/10 that of seismic surveys. These initial successful applications of the skywave theory lay a solid foundation for further verification of the new method.Keywords:
Skywave
Schumann resonances
Schumann resonances
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Schumann resonances
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A A A A AA A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
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Schumann Resonance (SR) signals result from an electromagnetic wave that propagates along the Earth-Ionosphere cavity. This signal is mainly characterized by the amplitude and frequency of the first modes; however, the relation with other variables that affect the Earth-ionosphere cavity is still undiscovered. In this paper, this relation is further explored with a methodology based on the usage of the first six SR modes and focusing on separating the data by the hour of the day. In this research, SR data is cross-correlated with 14 variables that affect the Electromagnetic cavity. The result shows preliminary evidence about the relationship between SR data and ionospheric related variables such as the Virtual Height of each Ionospheric layer or Solar Flux. The research outcome also provides substantial support for the importance of aggregating all the information contained in the first six modes and also reinforces the previous evidence about the significance of separating the SR variation by 24 hours to avoid the masking effect produced by the daily variability. This work also gives new perspectives for predictors based on SR modes.
Schumann resonances
Variation (astronomy)
Mode (computer interface)
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The ionosphere (the ionised region of the atmosphere between about 60 km and 1000 km) affects all radio signals below ~5 GHz which pass through or travel via it. Some of the associated radio systems can only operate because of the ionosphere, but it can also degrade radio system operation. Sometimes the effects of the ionosphere are highly significant, sometimes they can all but be ignored. For high-frequency (HF) sky-wave propagation, the ionosphere is, of course, a prerequisite. If the ionosphere were stable in time and constant in space, it would be relatively easy to determine the effect of the ionisation on the radio propagation and hence on the radio system. Unfortunately, stability is not the norm, particularly in the high-latitude regions, and, as a consequence ionospheric, prediction methods and models are required to support system design, service planning and frequency management. These methods and models characterise the medium and estimate the system performance. Some operate in real (or close to real) time and they may even directly advise the radio operator on a course of action which would improve system performance.
Skywave
High frequency
Radio Science
Space Weather
Radio propagation model
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Sudden Death
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The development of the LOw Frequency telescopes ARray (LOFAR) has posed a serious issue on the calibration of those measurements in the presence of the Earth's ionosphere. The purpose of measuring at radio frequencies as low as VHF exposes LOFAR to a number of ionospheric phenomena, capable of deteriorating the accuracy of the measurements and subsequently of the sky imaging. The ionosphere is normally treated at signal processing level, where various efforts attempt to remove possible errors introduced by it. Here, a close look at particular ionospheric features and their possible consequence to radio astronomy measurements is given from a point of view of the ionospheric radio wave propagation. It seems the radio astronomy and ionosphere communities will need to work closely together in order to achieve a satisfactory solution to the problem.
LOFAR
Radio Astronomy
Skywave
High frequency
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Қaй уaқыттa болмaсын мәдениетaрaлық қaрым-қaтынaстaрдың жaқсы деңгейде жүзеге aсуы не құлдырaуы бaстaпқы мәтіннің бaсқa тілдегі aудaрмaсымен aдеквaтты не бaлaмaлы болуынa тікелей бaйлaнысты. Осығaн орaй, көптеген ғaлымдaр aдеквaттылық пен бaлaмaлылық терминдерін зерттеуге жітінaзaр aудaрудa. Сондықтaн осы тaқырыпты зерттейтін теориялaрдың сaны күн-нен күнге aртып келеді. Кей ғaлымдaрдың есептеуінше, aдеквaттық және бaлaмaлық ұғымдaры бір мaғынaны білдіреді, aл бaсқaлaры олaрдың ұқсaстықтaры көп болғaнымен оны екі бөлек ұғым ретінде қaрaстыру керек деп пaйымдaйды. Сол себептібұл жұмыстың мaқсaты – aдеквaттылық және бaлaмaлылық ұғымдaрыныңмәнің aдевaтты және бaлaмa aудaрмaлaры турaлы теориялaрды жүйелеу және топтaстырып, сaрaлaу aрқылы aжырaту. Бір жaғынaн, бұл оқырмaнғa удaрмaтaнымындaғы aдеквaттылық және бaлaмaлық ұғымдaрын оңaй түсінуге,екінші жaғынaн бұл бізге екі ұғымның aйырмa шылықтaры мен ұқсaстықтaрынaнықтaуғa мүмкіндік береді. Зерттеу мaқсaтын жүзеге aсыру үшін жұмысбaрысындa сaлыстырмaлытaлдaу әдісі қолдaнылды. Шетелдік ғaлымдaрдың зерттеулерінің негізінде бұл жұмыстa aдеквaтты және бaлaмaлы aудaрм aның ұқсaс тұстaры мен aйырмaшылықтaры тaлдaнды. Тaлдaуғa сәйкес біз aдеквaтты aудaрмa ретінде күтілетін коммуникaтивтік әсерді қaмтaмaсыз етеді, сондaй-aқ оның бaсты тaлaптaрының бірі түпнұсқaның мaғынaсын толықтaй жеткізу үшін бaлaмaлaрды қолдaну деп қaрaстырaмыз. Бірaқ бaлaмaлы aудaрмa өз тaрaпындa прaгмaтикaлық мaқсaтты әрдaйым қaмтaмaсыз ете aлмaйды, әрі әрқaшaн aудaрмaның конвенционaлды нормaтивті тaлaптaрынa сәкес болa бермейді.
Socialization
Clustering coefficient
Sudden Death
Gratification
Safeguarding
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