Dietary Riboflavin Intake and Riboflavin Status in Young Adult Women Living in Metro Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract:
Nutrition surveys suggest that <10% of Canadian adults have inadequate riboflavin intakes. However, biochemical riboflavin deficiency [erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient (EGRac) ≥1.40] has been reported in 41% of young adult women living in Metro Vancouver. Canadian Chinese ethnicity comprise >25% of Vancouver's population and are postulated to have poorer riboflavin status than those of European ethnicity because they could be less likely to consume dairy products and fortified wheat.Keywords:
Glutathione reductase
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is required for normal plant growth and development. Previous studies have shown that riboflavin application can enhance pathogen resistance in plants. Here, we investigated the role of riboflavin in increasing drought tolerance (10 % PEG6000 treatment) in plants. We treated 4 week-old tobacco plants with five dif- ferent levels of riboflavin (0, 4, 20, 100 and 500 lM) for 5 days and examined their antioxidant responses and levels of drought tolerance. Compared with the controls, low and moderate levels of riboflavin treatment enhanced drought tolerance in the tobacco plants, whereas higher concentra- tions of riboflavin (500 lM) impaired drought tolerance. Further analysis revealed that plants treated with 500 lM riboflavin accumulated higher levels of ROS (O2 - and H2O2) and lipid peroxide than the control plants or plants treated with low levels of riboflavin. Consistent with this observa- tion, the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) were higher in plants treated with low or moderate (4, 20 and 100 lM) levels of riboflavin compared with the control. We also found that chlorophyll degraded rapidly in control and 500 lM ribo- flavin-treated plants under drought stress conditions. In addition, the survival times of the riboflavin-treated plants were significantly modified by treatment with reduced glu- tathione, a well-known ROS scavenger, under drought stress conditions. Thus, riboflavin-mediated ROS production may determine the effects of riboflavin on drought tolerance in tobacco plants.
Glutathione reductase
APX
Drought Tolerance
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Glutathione reductase
APX
Drought Tolerance
Plant Physiology
Lipid peroxide
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Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Glutathione reductase
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Improving micronutrient status of populations provides a cost-effective mechanism to help improve health status. The Asia-Pacific region is home to some of the world's most rapidly ageing populations, and many of the non-communicable diseases associated with older age can be positively impacted by adequate and optimal micronutrient status. Multiple factors can impact the ease of achieving optimal dietary micronutrient intakes, including socio-economic and cultural factors. Ageing, associated diseases, and certain medications can also impact the ability to achieve micronutrient intakes. Therefore dietary, fortification and supplementation interventions should be considered to help attain optimal micronutrient intakes. However, targeting micronutrient interventions can be hampered by inadequate dietary intake data from national surveys. In this chapter, we review the health issues associated with ageing and the role that micronutrients can play in helping to reduce risk. Based on the existing intake data, there was a high prevalence of insufficiency of vitamins A, D, E, C, B-6, B-12, folate, and for zinc in many countries. We also present analysis to suggest that, in the absence of raw data from dietary surveys, the use of mean and standard deviation (SD) is the best data to use when estimating micronutrient status among populations.
Food fortification
Micronutrient deficiency
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Glutathione reductase
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Subjects of discussion in the paper are various methods of determining the riboflavin allowances and the results achieved by the application of two of them that concern determining the activity of the glutathione-reductase and the FAD-effect in the study of an experimental B2-deficiency in rats and the riboflavin allowances in children suffering from phenylketonuria. Exclusion of vitamin B2 from the ration of rats resulted in that in 8 weeks they developed B2-deficiency ascertained with the help of the above cited enzymatic tests. In a certain percentage of children with phenylketonuria after discontinued administration of group "B" vitamins (D1 diet) there could be observed an intensification of the FAD-effect and, accordingly, a reduced glutathione-reductase activity. Resumed taking of the vitamins (D2 diet) normalized the riboflavin allowance values in at least, one week's time.
Glutathione reductase
Glutathione metabolism
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