Review for "Antioxidant effects of gallic acid alkyl esters of various chain lengths in oyster during frying process"
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Abstract Because of the lack of effective alkylating reagents, alkyl etherification of olefins with general alkyl groups has not been previously reported. In this work, a variety of alkyl diacyl peroxides and peresters generated from aliphatic acids have been found to enable the first iron‐catalyzed alkyl etherification of olefins with general alkyl groups. Primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic acids are suitable for this reaction, delivering products with yields up to 97 %. Primary and secondary alcohols react well, affording products in up to 91 % yield.
Primary (astronomy)
Beta-Hydride elimination
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Gallic acid and its derivatives not only exhibit excellent antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antimicrobial properties but also provide protection to the cells against oxidative stress. Gallic acid (3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), a low molecular triphenolic compound emerged as an efficient apoptosis inducing agent. The antimicrobial and other biological properties of gallic acid and its derivatives seemed to be linked with the hydrolysis of ester linkage between gallic acid and polyols like tannins hydrolyzed after ripening of many edible fruits. Gallic acid serves a natural defense mechanism against microbial infections and modulation of immune responses. The current review updates us with the diverse roles played by gallic acid, its antioxidant potential, action mechanism and more importantly the diverse array of applications in therapeutic and pharmaceutical areas.
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Cocculushirsutus is antipyretic, tonic, lessens thirst, good for fractures and useful in tubercular glands related problems. It is a well-known herb used as first aid remedy in minor injuries. During the present study a rapid, simple, accurate and specific HPTLC method for quantitative estimation of Gallic acid present in the dried leaf powder and callus of C. hirsutus has been developed. The method used in this work resulted in good peak shape and enabled good resolution of Gallic acid from C. hirsutussamples. Gallic acid was identified in invivo (leaf) and in vitro (six weeks old callus) tissues. Presence of isolated Gallic acid was further confirmed by super imposable IR spectra of isolated and authentic samples of Gallic acid. Variation in Gallic acid content in in-vivo and in-vitro samples in C. hirsutuswas observed. In vivoleaf had maximum amount of Gallic acid (0.44%) while minimum amount was found in in vitro callus (0.10 %). High content of Gallic acid in leaf shows its potential of synthesizing Gallic acid. This study is also of practical importance because Gallic acid has quite interest of in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, as substitutes for synthetic antioxidants. The Gallic acid exhibit a wide range of biological effects including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, hepatoprotective, antithrombotic, antiviral, anticarcinogenic and vasodilatory actions.
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Ellagic Acid
Guaiacol
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Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a naturally occurring plant phenol obtained by the hydrolysis of tannins and is know to show some pharmacological activities. In screening anti-cancer agents in traditional Chinese medicines, gallic acid was found to show cytotoxicity against all cancer cells that we examined in this study (IC50s: 4.8-13.2 micrograms/ml). Gallic acid was found to show cytotoxicity against primary cultured rat hepatocytes and macrophages, and lesser cytotoxicity against fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Cell death in dRLh-84 cells occurred within 6h after gallic acid treatment at a concentration of more than 20 micrograms/ml. A study of structurally related compounds suggested that the cytotoxicity shown by gallic acid was not a common feature in phenolic compounds, but was a fairly specific characteristic of gallic acid. That is, three adjacent phenolic hydroxyl groups of gallic acid were responsible for the cytotoxicity, and the carboxyl group was not responsible, but seemed to be implicated in distinguishing between normal cells and cancer cells.
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Abstract Because of the lack of effective alkylating reagents, alkyl etherification of olefins with general alkyl groups has not been previously reported. In this work, a variety of alkyl diacyl peroxides and peresters generated from aliphatic acids have been found to enable the first iron‐catalyzed alkyl etherification of olefins with general alkyl groups. Primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic acids are suitable for this reaction, delivering products with yields up to 97 %. Primary and secondary alcohols react well, affording products in up to 91 % yield.
Primary (astronomy)
Beta-Hydride elimination
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Abstract The esters of gallic acid and higher primary alcohols, especially fatty alcohols, have recently gained considerable interest as possible antioxidants for fats. Two independent methods for the preparation of these esters are described. In the first method the hitherto unknown compound galloyl chloride is converted into an ester of gallic acid by reaction with the appropriate alcohol. A new type of molecular addition compound between galloyl chloride and dioxane is described. The second method deals with the direct esterification of gallic acid with higher alcohols, which, until now, had not been successfully achieved.
Primary (astronomy)
Alcohol Oxidation
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Objective:To investigate the stability of gallic acid under different conditions.Methods:The stability of gallic acid in water with different pH values,anti-oxidant,strong light,strong oxidation and high temperature were examined,respectively by the classical homeothermia method.The contents of gallic acid were determined by RP-HPLC.Results:It was found that gallic acid was unstable under the conditions of basic,neutral and strong oxidizing,it was stable under the conditions of acid,strong light and high temperature and its stable could be protected by antioxidants.Conclusion:The stability of gallic acid is different under different conditions,which should be considered in preparation.
Oxidizing agent
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