The impact of unpredictability of dyspnea offset on dyspnea perception, fear, and respiratory neural gating
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Abstract Dyspnea is a debilitating and threatening symptom in various diseases. Affected patients often report the unpredictability of dyspnea episodes being particularly anxiety‐provoking and amplifying the perception of dyspnea. Experimental studies testing dyspnea unpredictability together with related neural processes, physiological fear responses, and dyspnea‐related personality traits are sparse. Therefore, we investigated the impact of unpredictability of dyspnea offset on dyspnea perception and fear ratings, respiratory neural gating and physiological fear indices, as well as the influence of interindividual differences in fear of suffocation (FoS). Forty healthy participants underwent a task manipulating the offset predictability of resistive load‐induced dyspnea including one unloaded safety condition. Respiratory variables, self‐reports of dyspnea intensity, dyspnea unpleasantness, and fear were recorded. Moreover, respiratory neural gating was measured in a paired inspiratory occlusion paradigm using electroencephalography, while electrodermal activity, startle eyeblink, and startle probe N100 were assessed as physiological fear indices. Participants reported higher dyspnea unpleasantness and fear when dyspnea offset was unpredictable compared to being predictable. Individuals with high levels of FoS showed the greatest increase in fear and overall higher levels of fear and physiological arousal across all conditions. Respiratory neural gating, startle eyeblink, and startle probe N100 showed general reductions during dyspnea conditions but no difference between unpredictable and predictable dyspnea conditions. Together, the current results suggest that the unpredictable offset of dyspnea amplifies dyspnea perception and fear, especially in individuals with high levels of FoS. These effects were unrelated to respiratory neural gating or physiological fear responses, requiring future studies on underlying mechanisms.The mental representations of two groups were examined. It was predicted that judgments about a low entitativity group would involve the consultation of specific behavioral exemplars, whereas judgments about a high entitativity group would not. These predictions were tested using a modified version of Klein & Loftus' (1993) task-facilitation paradigm. Results showed that an initial task requiring a trait judgment about the group facilitated the later recall of a behavior performed by the group, but only when the group was low in entitativity. These results provide further evidence of differential information processes as a function of the perceived entitativity of a group, and shed light on the cognitive representations of such groups.
Trait
Facilitation
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Gratification
Punishment (psychology)
Delay of gratification
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Generality and content-specificity in the study of the neural correlates of perceptual consciousness
The present paper was written as a contribution to ongoing methodological debates within the NCC project. We focus on the neural correlates of conscious perceptual episodes. Our claim is that the NCC notion, as applied to conscious perceptual episodes, needs to be reconceptualized. It mixes together the processing related to the perceived contents and the neural substrate of consciousness proper, i.e. mechanisms making the perceptual contents conscious. We thus propose that the perceptual NCC be divided into two constitutive subnotions. The paper elaborates the distinction, marshals some initial arguments in its favour, and sketches advantages of the proposed reconceptualization.
Generality
Content (measure theory)
Neural substrate
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Dehumanization
Social dominance orientation
Dominance (genetics)
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) of the frontal cortex has been shown to improve negative symptoms in schizophrenia in a number of small studies, although inconsistent results have also been reported. Neuroimaging has shown bilateral hypofrontality in schizophrenia, and rTMS may improve brain activation. We therefore aimed to investigate whether 10 Hz stimulation of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during 3 weeks would yield substantial treatment effects and would improvement of frontal activation. Methods This study concerned a multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial in 32 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. All had moderate to severe negative symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative subscale ≥ 15). Patients were randomized to a 3-week course of active or sham rTMS. Primary outcome was severity of negative symptoms as measured with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the PANSS negative symptom score. Twenty-four patients participated in the pre- and posttreatment fMRI measurement. Analyses concerned changes in brain activation as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the Tower of London (ToL) task from pre-treatment to post-treatment. Results Brain activation increased more in the active group in the right DLPFC and the right medial frontal gyrus as compared to the sham group. Different activation change was also found in the left posterior cingulate, with decreased activation in the active and increased activation in the sham group. The changes in brain activation were accompanied by a significant improvement of negative symptoms in the treatment group ( p =0.04). Conclusions Our findings suggest that treatment with rTMS over the DLPFC may potentially increase task-related activation in frontal areas and improve negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.
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Traditional cognitive psychology is limited in its ability to explain illusory perception. The research findings of cognitive neuroscience on motion illusions, contour illusions, and color illusions suggest a single mechanism of overlapping neural correlates accounts for the occurrence of visual illusions. The neural activities for illusory perception are intrinsically the same as for accurate perception. Specifically, illusory perception and corresponding accurate perception share the same neural correlates. The occurrence of illusory perceptions needs no special neural correlates. Rather, the neural activity during illusory perception is stronger than that during accurate perception on the shared neural correlates.
Illusory contours
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Level of consciousness
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目的:本研究旨在探讨大学生完美主义、无条件自我接纳与抑郁之间的关系。方法:采用近乎完美量表修订版的中文修订版(APS-R-CR),无条件自我接纳问卷(USAQ),Beck抑郁问卷(BDI)对678名大学生进行测试。结果:①完美主义高标准维度与抑郁情绪无显著相关;完美主义差异维度可正向预测抑郁情绪。②有条件自我接纳可部分中介完美主义差异维度与抑郁的关系。结论:有条件自我接纳在大学生完美主义与抑郁间起部分中介作用,培养适应不良完美主义者的高水平无条件自我接纳非常重要。
Perfectionism
Depression
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People who judge their relationships as more supportive enjoy better mental health than people who judge their relationships more negatively. We investigated how people made these judgments; specifically, how people weighed different types of information about targets under three different conditions: when judgments reflected the personality of perceivers, the objective characteristics of targets, and the unique relationships between perceivers and targets. Participants (i.e., perceivers) judged the same four videotaped targets on personality, similarity to perceivers and likely supportiveness. As in previous research, perceivers based their judgments on perceived target similarity to perceivers, and on target personality. However, how perceivers weighed personality and similarity information varied dramatically depending upon whether the judgment reflected the personality of perceivers, the objective characteristics of targets, or the relationship between perceivers and targets. Implications for understanding how people make support judgments were discussed.
Similarity (geometry)
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
Chorale will delight audiences of all
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music making, successful in their
aim to make the audience feel,
to be moved, to be part of the
performance - and all this while
working at an extremely high
musical level.AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA Experience choral
singing that will take you to new
heights!
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