Heat of Combustion of Coffee Pulp and Husks as Alternative Sources of Renewable Energy
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The study determined the amount of heat energy (heat of combustion) produced per unit mass from coffee pulp and coffee husks to see if these can be used as alternative sources of energy. The samples were obtained from Mount Elgon areas in Eastern Uganda. The objectives determined the amount of heat produced per unit mass from coffee husk and pulp and compared the amount of heat produced per unit mass from the coffee husk and coffee pulp. The coffee husk and pulp were dried, ground and sieved using a 150 microns diameter sieve. The resultant powder was analyzed using IKA C200 bomb calorimeter. The Heat values produced per unit mass from coffee husk and pulp were 15.389KJg-1 and 13.755KJg-1 respectively. Further analysis showed that both coffee pulp and coffee husks could be used as fuels for renewable energy. However, from the findings, it is recommended that coffee husks should be preferred as a better source of fuel since it generated 1.634KJg-1 more energy than the coffee pulp. Comprehensive study should be carried out on the two samples to obtain a complete fuel description of the samples.Keywords:
Husk
Heat of combustion
In this study, the chemical compositions of waste okra stalks and rice husks were investigated and their use, evaluated as raw materials for the Kraft pulping process. Pulp yield, Consistency and 1% NaOH solubility were determined. Both raw materials were dried, and the chemical compositions obtained prior to cooking/digestion in a 15 L autoclave. While properties such as moisture content, 1% NaOH solubility, extractives and hot water solubility seem to favour raw rice husk, the pulp yield was very low (25.7%) as against the pulp yield from okra (41.2%). The high ash content and Silicates/Silica in rice husk (6.1–45.82% and 20480ppm respectively) will pose problems in the liquor recovery stage in the process. Therefore, the okra stalk is a better raw material for pulp and paper making than the rice husk. From this study, waste okra stalk is found to possess some economic value and can no longer be left to become a nuisance to the environment.
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Stalk
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The rice husk is one of the major agricultural residue in KOREA. In this paper, the effects of various pulping conditions on the properties of rice husk pulp and handsheets made of rice husk fiber were evaluated in order to utilize the rice husk as an alternative source for wood pulp. Two typical alkali pulping, such as soda pulping and Kraft pulping were applied with various conditions of the pulping processes. The higher effective alkali and higher pulping temperature resulted in the higher efficiency in removal of lignin and ash, which leaded to the higher strength properties of handsheets made of rice husk fiber, but the lower yield of rice husk pulp. The better efficiency in production of rice husk pulp and the stronger handsheets were obtained by the Kraft pulping.
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Soda pulping
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The rice husk is one of the major agricultural residue in KOREA. In this paper, the effects of various pulping conditions on the properties of rice husk pulp and handsheets made of rice husk fiber were evaluated in order to utilize the rice husk as an alternative source for wood pulp. Two typical alkali pulping, such as soda pulping and Kraft pulping were applied with various conditions of the pulping processes. The higher effective alkali and higher pulping temperature resulted in the higher efficiency in removal of lignin and ash, which leaded to the higher strength properties of handsheets made of rice husk fiber, but the lower yield of rice husk pulp. The better efficiency in production of rice husk pulp and the stronger handsheets were obtained by the Kraft pulping.
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Soda pulping
Kappa number
Paper production
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Wood is a prominent raw material in the production of pulp and paper, but due to the impact of forest depletion on the environment worldwide, research is being focused on non-wood sources as alternative sources of fibre and as a solution to destruction of the environment. The aim of this study therefore, is to investigate the suitability or otherwise of corn husk and plantain stalk which are abundant agro-waste materials in Nigerian environment in pulp and paper production. The pulping of corn husk and plantain stalk was achieved through Chemical Pulping process (Soda pulping) and the pulps obtained were analyzed for their chemical compositions. Also, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the surface morphological structure of the pulps produced. The resulting pulps were then used for papermaking and the Mechanical strength of papers obtained was determined. The results of chemical composition analysis for the pulp obtained from corn husk were (3.57%, 41.23%, 10%, 12.04% and 23.00 %) while that of plantain stalk were (11.19%, 57.86%, 10%, 4.60% and 35.96%) for Ash content, Cellulose content, Moisture content, Lignin content and Pulp yield respectively. The result of Mechanical strength analysis of the paper produced are (66.04 g/m2, 0.30 mm,5.33 Nm/g,12.83Nm2/g,0.13 N/mm2,2.7 mm) from corn husk while that of plantain stalk are (30.99 g/m2,0.08 mm,1.25 Nm/g,5.20Nm2/g,2.95 N/mm2,2.20 mm) for Grammage, Thickness, Tensile index, Tear index, Modulus of Elasticity and Elongation at break respectively. The SEM images analysis showed that there is a more condensed and packed arrangement of fibre in corn husk than plantain stalk. The overall results showed that Corn husk and Plantain stalk have a promising potential as alternative source of fibre in paper making industry.
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Stalk
Papermaking
Paper production
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The physical properties of briquettes made from rice husk and coconut shell in different ratios were evaluated based on their thermo-physical properties. The calculated calorific values of the rice husk and coconuts hell are 16.51 MJ/kg and 18.60 MJ/kg, with densities of 1.50 g/cm3 and 3.00 g/cm3, respectively. Coconut shell has lower moisture and ash content of 10% and 26%, respectively, before briquetting. Comparisons of the experimental and calculated calorific values of the briquettes (17 to 21 MJ/kg) showed that they are in agreement with those of the American Standard of Testing Materials (ASTM) and those reported in the literature. The results further showed that the calorific values of the five briquette ratios were not a function of their moisture and ash contents, rather their total carbon contents. The briquette at the ratio 90:10 of rice husk to coconut shell has the highest calorific value and implies that it has more heating advantages and will therefore be suitable as an alternative solid fuel.
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Husk
Heat of combustion
Solid fuel
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Energy is very essential to human livelihood and makes significant help to economic, social, and environmental features of human development. Biomass is certainly a very significant source of renewable energy worldwide and abundant with high energy potential. This research aimed to characterize and produce briquette fuel from the combination of coconut husk and corncob using starch as a binder. The composite briquettes were produced by varying the mixture ratio of coconut husk to corncob (CH: CC), 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80 using starch as a binding agent. The physical and combustion characteristics were analyzed according to the America Society of Testing of Materials Standard. It was observed that the moisture content decreased from 5.02% to 4.88%, fixed carbon increased from 74.20% to 75.13%, volatile matter increased from 20.20% to 21.70%, Ash content decreased from 5.60% to 3.17% and the calorific value increased from 20.35 MJ/kg to 26.75 MJ/kg. The findings also show that the maximum density and durability indexes were 839 kg/m3 and 98.58%.
The briquette at the ratio 20:80 of coconut husk to corncob has the highest calorific value and implies that it has more heating advantages and will therefore be suitable as an alternative solid fuel.
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Corncob
Husk
Heat of combustion
Charcoal
Solid fuel
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The increasing demand for energy causes the depletion of fuel fossil. To overcome this, it is necessary to utilize biomass and biomass waste. The purpose of this study was to simulate the effect of bio-pellet density on temperature, rate and pressure of combustion made from a mixture of gelam wood and rice husk. The method uses ANSYS simulation with literature review. The results showed that the increasing composition of rice husks had an effect on the decreasing combustion rate, this was due to the calorific value of the pellets making up the material. Where the lower calorific value of rice husk has an effect on the rate of combustion. Pellets that have a large density affect the rate of combustion so that it extends the burning time. The density of pellets is influenced by the pressure of pellet molding, the greater the pressure makes the fuel denser and has a large density. The highest combustion air pressure occurs at 100% gelam composition and the lowest at 100% husk composition. This shows that the addition of rice husk composition reduces the combustion pressure and vice versa applies to the addition of gelam composition
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Pellet
Heat of combustion
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It’s hard to bleach the pulp from cotton stalk due to the high content of pectin in its husk.In this paper,the efficiency of scouring with NaOH or Na2C2O4 is studied respectively,and the scouring pretreating process is introduced to BCTMP to treat the husk of cotton stalk more hardly,instead of the traditional presteaming process.It shows that the new pretreatment process can considerably lighten the blight to bleaching capability of the pulp caused by pectin in the husk of cotton stalk,and get BCTMP with a ISO brightness of 64.5% by pulping conditions as: 3.5%NaOH,4%Na2SO3 and 3%H2O2 after pretreating with 1.5% Na2C2O4 in temperature of 90℃.
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Husk
Bleach
Pectin
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In Ethiopia enormous amounts of coffee husk and pulp are generated anually from coffee processing industries. However, they have been poorly utilized or left to decompose or otherwise dumped in the environment. Therefore, this research was conducted at Teppi and Limu coffee farms in Ethiopia to produce briquettes from coffee husk and pulp. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the energy potential of briquette produced from coffee husk and pulp and characterize their fuel properties. The coffee husk and pulp were carbonized in an oxygen-deficient environment separately by using carbonizing kiln at Jimma Agricultural Mechanization Research Centre. Then the carbonized materials were ground to fine particles and mixed with a binder and converted to briquettes by using a briquette extruder machine. Triplicate samples of the briquettes were sent to Geological Survey of Ethiopia for analysis. The calorific value of the briquettes produced from coffee husk and pulp ranged between 5041.1±168.60 and 4037.6±219.39cal/g, respectively. Further analysis showed that through conversion of the coffee husk and pulp in to briquette, annually the two farms could generate 1.3×1013cal of energy and substitutes 5,284.35 m3 of firewood or save 52.84 to 66.05 ha of tropical forests from deforestation. The results of the study have shown that briquettes produced from coffee husk have more positive attributes than briquettes produced from coffee pulp at both farms. It is concluded that briquettes produced from coffee husk and pulp could be used as an alternative source of energy and waste management option. Keywords : Briquette; Carbon Sequestration; Coffee Husk; Coffee Pulp
Briquette
Husk
Firewood
Heat of combustion
Environmentally Friendly
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Utilization of agro-waste material in producing biomass briquette has been actively explored due to its huge potential as an alternative option to current energy resources. Also, the development of biomass briquette also solved agricultural waste disposal issues. Biomass briquette is widely utilized for domestic and industrial purposes such as cooking, heating, and electricity generation. This study was conducted to assess the combustion performance of the biomass composite briquette, which was produced by combining two agro-waste materials, which are rice husk and banana residue. The composite briquette was densified at a constant and controlled temperature as well as pressure by varying the particle size and ratio of the raw materials. The particle size used were 300 μm, 150 μm and 75 μm and then these particles were blended in the various components of rice husk and banana residue in percentage composition of 100:0, 80:20 and 60:40, respectively. The combustion performances of composite briquette ware assessed by evaluating their burning rate, calorific value, volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon content. Results showed the composition of rice husk and banana residue of 60:40 with the particle size of 150 μm were found as the optimal combination since it owned moderate density, ash and fixed carbon content, and volatile matter. Furthermore, the combustion performance results of these briquette mixtures generate the calorific value up to 16396 J/g and could retain for at least 14 minutes after the flame was gradually put out by itself that indicated it has potential to be applied as solid fuel.
Husk
Briquette
Residue (chemistry)
Biomass fuels
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