Optical and Electrical Properties of CdS Thin Evaporated Films
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Vacuum evaporation
Vacuum evaporation
Compound semiconductor
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The electrical resistivity of soil is affected by various factors, such as the electrical resistivity of pore fluids, the porosity, the constituent of soil particles, the saturation, the orientation and shape of soil particles, and the pore structure. The purpose of this study is to determine the changes in the electrical resistivity of sand-silt mixtures during freeze-thaw cycles. To measure the electrical resistance over freeze-thaw cycles, a nylon cell was designed and an electrode was attached to each of the four side walls of the cell. Two specimens, with different degrees of saturation (40% and 60%), were prepared using sand-silt mixtures. The measured electrical resistances were then transformed into electrical resistivities. The results show that, in both specimens, the electrical resistance increases during the repeated cycles, and hysteresis behavior appears immediately after the beginning of thawing. In addition, the electrical resistivities of both samples are less during thawing than during freezing from 0°C to -3°C. While the electrical resistivity increases rapidly at 0°C during freezing, the electrical resistivity at 0°C decreases relatively gradually during thawing. For the specimens with a saturation of 40%, the electrical resistivity during thawing was greater than the electrical resistivity during freezing at ordinary temperatures. This study demonstrates that electrical resistivity surveys may be useful for analyzing the structure and behavior of soils during freezing-thawing cycles.
Silt
Saturation (graph theory)
Hysteresis
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Abstract : A simple four-point method for measuring the resistivity of carbon-carbon composite billets was developed. Measurements compare favorably with previously published results. Keywords: Carbon carbon composites, Electrical resistance, Graphitic ordering, Resistivity ratio.
Carbon fibers
Reinforced carbon–carbon
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The rate of metal evaporation under vacuum is systematically analyzed based on description of concepts about vacuum. The rate of metal evaporation increases with increase of temperature under vacuum. Three kinds of evaporation occur as vacuum changes, they are normal boiling and molecular evaporation. The rate of metal evaporation does not vary as vacuum while vacuum is high enough, that is the highest rate of evaporation, and has positive correlativity with the temperature.
Vacuum evaporation
Ultra-high vacuum
Boiling point
Vacuum deposition
Vacuum arc
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Vacuum evaporation
Ultra-high vacuum
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The vacuum evaporation of Mg and Ag cathodes was presented. The pressure increases rapidly when the evaporation current of Mg cathode is about 85A, but Mg atoms are not evaporated to the glass substrate. As the pressure value approximately drops to the value before increasing, that is, 2.6×10-3Pa, Mg atoms begin to be evaporated to the glass substrate, which is quite different from the evaporation process of other metals such as Ag. Studies show that heat treatment makes the Mg thin film denser, the surface roughness reduced and the adhesion force increased.
Vacuum evaporation
Vacuum deposition
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Abstract Thermal evaporation in vacuum from the surfaces of NaCl: Fe++; NaCl: Cd++; NaCl: Mn++ and KCl: Mn++ crystals has been studied. In all cases except that of cadmium, the impurity ions diffuse towards the surface and there produce nuclei of a second phase. These nuclei interact with the circular and rectangular step systems which are produced by evaporation and strongly modify the surface topography. The ratioV 〈110〉/V 〈100〉 of the perpendicular components of the step velocities has been measured as a function of heating time. On more prolonged heating the circular step structure is not stable, but becomes rectangular. This transition can be explained using the model proposed by Budke for vacuum evaporation.
Vacuum evaporation
Crystal (programming language)
Divalent
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thin films were prepared by electron beam evaporation and their electrical properties were investigated. A novel two‐step evaporation process, in which a very thin film was evaporated first at room temperature and the remaining part was evaporated at 250°C without breaking the vacuum, gave high quality in both insulating and dielectric properties. The reasons for the improvement are discussed and comparisons are made with specimens prepared by usual evaporation process.
Vacuum evaporation
Vacuum deposition
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The theoretical calculation for pressure dependence of electrical resistance has been carried out for Cu Doped As- Se glasses. The calculated results for the CuxAs40Se60-x glasses with x between 0 and 28% show that the resistivity of glasses continuously decreases and saturates at higher quasi-hydrostatic pressures. The results have been compared with the experimental data and yield a good description of variation of electrical resistivity with pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
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The electrical resistivity of Fe 65 (Ni 0.84 Mn 0.16 ) 35 alloy is measured under high pressure up to 30 kbar from 4.2 K to 300 K. A resistance minimum is found near 25 K at atmospheric pressure. The temperature of the resistance minimum is appeared not to depend on pressure. Isothermal resistivity shows anomalous behaviors against pressure below 150 K. These results suggest the existence of a pressure induced magnetic phase transition at low temperature.
Isothermal process
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