Politics of the natural vegetation to balance the hazardous level of elements in marble polluted ecosystem through phytoremediation and physiological responses
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Cynodon dactylon
Robinia
Vitex negundo
The relationship between cavitation resistance and anatomical structure of xylem as well as wood density was studied in seven dominant deciduous wood species(three trees:Populus davidiana,Quercus liaotungensis,Robinia pseudoacacia and four shrubs:Sophora viciifolia,Rosa xanthina,Prunus davidiana and Vitex negundo) in the Loess hilly region,Shaanxi Province.The results indicate that 1) Sophora viciifolia and Rosa xanthina had the strongest cavitation resistance,followed by Prunus davidiana,Vitex negundo and Populus davidiana,while Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus liaotungensis were the most vulnerable to embolism.2) Rosa xanthina,Populus davidiana and Prunus davidiana had relatively higher xylem density,while Quercus liaotungensis,Robinia pseudoacacia and Vitex negundo had lower xylem density.The maximum density of xylem(Rosa xanthina) was nearly 10 times the minimum(Robinia pseudoacacia).The mean diameter of vessel lumen in Robinia pseudoacacia was the largest,while it was the smallest in Rosa xanthina and Sophora viciifolia,where the maximum was about 3 times the minimum(Rosa xanthina).The density of xylem was negatively correlated with the mean diameter of vessel lumen.Wood density ranged from 0.43 g /cm3 to 0.70 g /cm3,with the largest values in Sorphora viciifolia and the minimum in Populus davidiana,where the ratio of the two extreme values was 1.6.Mean wood density of the four shrubs was larger than that of the three tree species.Cavitation resistance was negatively correlated with mean diameter of vessel lumen and positively correlated with wood density,indicating both indices can be used to select wood species with strong cavitation resistance in the Loess hilly region.
Robinia
Vitex negundo
Prunus armeniaca
Melia azedarach
Hippophae rhamnoides
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The plant-based remediation methods for dredged material slurries and metal-contaminated soils have been proposed since the mid seventies. This chapter discusses plant-based remediation of contaminated soils and sediments. All in-situ site remediation programs follow either a contaminant containment or contaminant reduction strategy. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that promises a viable remediation when pollutants are near the surface, are relatively nonleachable, and pose little imminent risk to health or the environment. It is useful to visualize and describe a plant in engineering terms in order to shift the familiar agronomic plant paradigm and to clarify the concept of phytoremediation to those professionals who are more familiar with engineering terminology. At a basic level, green plants are solar-driven pumping and filtering systems that have inherent loading, degradative, and fouling capacities. The coupling of hyperaccumulation of metals and sequestration of organics with larger biomass and potentially deeper rooting systems may result in powerful phytoremediation technology.
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Environmentally Friendly
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Contamination of lands with toxic heavy metals is a widespread environmental issue resulting from global industrialization. Conventional techniques for reclamation of such soils are expensive and environmental nonfriendly. Phytoremediation is an emerging group of technologies utilizing green plants to clean up the environment from contaminants and has been offered as a cost-effective and non-invasive alternative to the conventional engineering-based remediation methods. There are different versions of phytoremediation viz. phytoimmobilization, phytostabilization, rhizofilteration, phytovolatilization and phytoextraction, the latter being most widely accepted for remediation of soils contaminated with toxic heavy metals. Different aspects of phytoextraction and scope of this technology for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils are reviewed discussing challenges and opportunities in realizing phytoextraction as an economically viable remediation method.
Phytoextraction process
Scope (computer science)
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Heavy metals and radionuclides are two major toxic metals which severely pollute the soil and water,and most conventional remediation approaches do not provide acceptable solutions. Plant\|based remediation techniques are showing prospects for the environmental pollution remediation. In this paper,the biological mechanism,research progress and selection of suitable plants of phytoremediation of toxic metals in the soil and water are being pursued.
Phytoextraction process
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Robinia
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The phytoremediation, enhancing phytoremediation, as well as the degradation kinetic of petroleum were investigated under field experiment. Corn and alfalfa were taken as remediation plants and the experimental bacteria were Arthrobanter species. The results indicated that the oil degradation rates of corn and alfalfa remediation areas reached 42.5% and 44.7% after 150 days of bioremediation, which were increased by 100.5% and 110.8% compared with that in control area, respectively, while the degradation rates of the corn and alfalfa remediation areas that added exogenous bacteria reached 72.8% and 63.9%, which were increased by 71.3% and 42.1% compared with that in the phytoremediation areas, respectively. It found that phytoremediation was enhanced greatly by adding exogenous bacteria and the degradation kinetic equation of petroleum fitted pseudo-first-order kinetics.
Degradation
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Vegetation recovery is one of the major measures to improve eco-environment of the Loess Plateau.In order to find the ecological effects of different vegetation recovery modes on soil moisture in this region,six trial sites in Ranjiagou were studied.The results showed that compared to farmland,the soil bulk density under the recovery modes of Platycladus orientalis,Vitex negundo var.heterophylla,20-year Robinia pseudoacacia, 4-year Robinia pseudoacacia and 4-year Medicago sativa L declined dramatically with a percentage of 8%-16%;total porosity,capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity apparently increased by 24.5%-8.1%,1.2%-13.9% and 20.5%-90.0%;the water retention capability of soil increased by 33%-7.5%;the water supply capacity under the mode of Platycladus orientalis,Vitex negundo var.heterophylla and 4-year Robinia pseudoacacia were 2.16,1.78 and 1.85 times of the farmland while the 20-year Robinia pseudoacacia mode and 4-year Medicago sativa L mode were 25% and 62.3% of the farmland;0.25mm water stable aggregates were increased by 56.84%-30.72% by all the recovery modes compared to the farmland;the structure fragmentation rate of soil under all recovery modes was 16.2%-62.6% while in farmland it was as high as 41.09%.The correlation analysis indicated there was a significant correlation of soil bulk density,total porosity,water characteristic curve,water stable aggregates and structure fragmentation rate,so the conclusion could be drawn as every vegetation recovery mode has a better ecological effect on soil water than farmland except for the water supply capacity of 20-year Robinia pseudoacacia and 4year Medicago sativa L.
Robinia
Platycladus
Vitex negundo
Loess plateau
Medicago sativa
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Abstract In this review article, the mechanism of phytoremediation via Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) for cadmium and chromium remediation are fully discussed including phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and phytovolatilization. In addition, the factors that affected the remediation are also listed. Moreover, to obtain the state-of-art in cadmium and chromium remediation and give their future perspectives, the typical examples in literatures for cadmium and chromium remediation by PGPR are collected and reviewed. Totally, this article includes 71 references.
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Remediation technologies for soils contaminated by heavy metals have been rapidly developed under various conditions of soils. Most contaminated soils are remediated with the combination of at least more than two proper technologies including physical, chemical, and biological remediation methods as well as phytoremediation. When the phytoremediation was applied to the contaminated sites, hyperaccumulators were generally planted with somewhat limitation. Thus, transgenic plants have been developed to replace the specific hyperaccumulators with limited applications. The important properties of transgenic plants for metal phytoremediation are much higher metal tolerance and accumulation than general hyperaccumulators. On the other point of view, the removed heavy metals and metal-contaminated mixtures as the second pollutants are produced during the soil remediation processes. Therefore, environmentally-friendly remediation technologies should be needed to reduce amounts of contaminated by-products and to increase the proper utilization of remediated soils.
Phytoextraction process
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