Effect of Hydrocarbon Contamination on Biostabilization of Soil Contaminated with Motor Oil and Gasoline
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Environmental problems caused by soil contamination can cause changes in the physical, chemical and geotechnical properties of the soil. Research on a suitable method for soil improvement has focused on the use of biological methods for soil improvement and remediation. Microbial calcium carbonate precipitation has been applied to solve many geotechnical problems. In this study, sandy soil was mixed with two conventional hydrocarbon pollutants and classic soil mechanics tests (compaction, direct shear, uniaxial and permeability tests) were implemented. The use of two bacterial solutions, two-phase injection and bacterial flocculation with injection of cementation solution, produced favorable results. Considering the lower inhibition of gasoline in low dilution, it was possible to improve with both methods. In the case of soil contaminated with motor oil, limitations on the use of microbial calcium carbonate precipitation were improved with the use of bacterial flocculation. The results of this approach were more suitable because the bacteria stabilized between the soil grains. XRD, SEM, EDS and wet chemical analysis were carried out to help confirm and interpret the results.Keywords:
Motor oil
Only five years ago engineers and scientists met with EPA officials to weigh the merits of bioremediation as a hazwaste cleanup tool. Now bioremediation has become an accepted effective cleanup method. Its a simple process, induced by natural cellular activity called phagocytosis that occurs in soil between indigenous microflora or organic carbon-bearing molecules, such as petroleum-based hydrocarbons. When introduced to hydrocarbon-saturated soil, the microorganism creates a biofilm around the hydrocarbon molecule and breaks it down into simpler compounds of carbon and oxygen. When the hydrocarbon or nutrient source is depleted, microbe activity ceases and the microbes die. A large portion of the hazardous-waste contamination in the U.S. stems from such petroleum-hydrocarbon products that have been discharged or spilled into the soil at petroleum production well pads, airports, military bases and large manufacturing plants. At these sites hydrocarbon contaminants--crude oil; paraffin; diesel and jet fuel; gasoline; chlorinated solvents and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX)--are present. Bioremediation removes these contaminants from soil organically, while maintaining the microbial populations that keep soil healthy and viable.
BTEX
Petroleum product
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Elevated contamination levels persisted for decades at the former Naval Arctic Research Station at two sites in particular, the Airstrip and Powerhouse sites.Because of the challenging environmental conditions at these sites, physical and chemical remediation technologies have not been effective at reducing petroleum contamination levels.Therefore, the continued presence of the contamination warranted a deeper investigation of petroleum chemistry, soil attributes, and biological activity at these sites.Petroleum chemistry analysis revealed the heterogeneous contamination at each site, with higher levels observed at the upgradient sites, which were situated further from the nearby freshwater Imikpuk Lake.Additionally, soil biological data tests showed an active microbial community, including high bacterial numbers in these soils.The results from this baseline study indicate that stimulating biodegradation processes in petroleum-contaminated soils is a promising technology for bioremediation.
Baseline (sea)
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ABSTRACT Bioremediation is a widely accepted technology for the remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Treatability studies are usually carried out to assess the biodegradation potential of the contaminants and to design optimal treatments. Laboratory studies measuring soil respiration are often used. One method consists of monitoring the mineralization of a 14C-labeled hydrocarbon surrogate added to the contaminated soil. This study investigates the ability of this method to properly predict the removal of the hydrocarbon contaminants initially found in soils. Mineralization of 14C-labeled hexadecane was monitored in seven soils contaminated with various hydrocarbon mixtures, both fresh and weathered, in microcosm experiments. Reduction of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations was measured simultaneously in separate microcosms. Both types of microcosms were subjected to the same amendment regimes. For all soils, poor correlation was observed between the mineralization and TPH reduction data sets. Mineralization data supported contaminants removal data in only one soil. Findings indicate that the radioactive surrogate method does not reliably predict the extent of, and the effect of amendments on, the removal of the hydrocarbons initially present in soil, and may therefore predict suboptimal treatment regimes. Recommendations for soil treatability protocols are provided.
Microcosm
Total petroleum hydrocarbon
Amendment
Soil test
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Large quantity of aged petroleum oil contamination such as dehydrated oil sludge, generated in the disposal process of oil-containing sewage in Indonesia. This study aims to investigate the OSCS removal by mean of bioremediation technique. Results found that petrofilic consortia and biosurfactants addition increased the removal efficiency up to 46% and 85%, respectively. At full scale application, this technique succeed in removing of 46 g TPH per kg soil from 4 883 m3 of OSCS during 16 mo of treatment. These results suggest that petrofilic consortia and biosurfactants addition stimulate the biodegradation and overcome the limitation of OSCS degradation process.
Degradation
Oil sludge
Petroleum product
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Total petroleum hydrocarbon
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Abstract In order to determine the long-term effects of fertilizer on the degradation rate and the toxicity of hydrocarbons in sub-Antarctic soils contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, a field study was initiated in December 2000 on two different soils of the Kerguelen Islands (69°42′E, 49°19′S). The number of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (HDB) increased greatly after crude-oil and diesel-fuel contamination, and the fertilizer addition had a favorable effect on HDB growth and activity. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria counts remained high until the end of the experiment although the total hydrocarbon content in all contaminated soils was reduced to 80 to 90% of their initial value after 330 d. Degradation of n-alkanes was enhanced significantly in the presence of the fertilizer, while the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was only barely enhanced. Toxicity results showed a noticeable reduction with time, although toxicity remained present and important in both soils at the end of the experiment. In addition, fertilized plots showed a toxic signal greater than unfertilized ones. Overall results clearly show that fertilizer addition improves the rate of degradation of both oil contaminants. However, remaining toxic residues may constitute a drawback of the fertilizer-assisted biodegradation process at low temperatures.
Degradation
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Spillage
Petroleum product
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Restoration of petroleum-contaminated soil is one of the most important issues of environment protection all over the world. In order to study the influence of pollution concentration on biodegradation, a specific exogenous microbe, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, was employed for bioremediation of soil contaminated by different concentrations of petroleum. After 60d of treatment, the degradation rate of three concentration levels, low, medium and high concentrations, were 60%, 70% and 72% respectively. Through kinetic analysis, the degradation rate of medium and high concentrations was significantly higher than that of low petroleum concentration. And the higher the concentration is, the better the degradation is. Both the experimental and theoretical results show that the microbial activity and biodegradation rate is related to petroleum concentration, which provides the data support for the remediation of the petroleum-contaminated soil.
Phanerochaete
Degradation
Petroleum product
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