Levels and socioeconomic correlates of nonmarital fertility in Ghana
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Childbirth outside marriage has several negative implications for the well-being of children, women, and families globally. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, the phenomenon appears to be under-studied. In this study, we examine the levels and socioeconomic correlates of nonmarital fertility in Ghana. Using pooled data from the 2003, 2008, and the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys, logistic regression models were used in determining significantly predictive factors of nonmarital fertility. The results show that nonmarital fertility levels have been on the rise over time without any sign of reduction (24.0%, 33.0%, and 40.0% for 2003, 2008, and 2014, respectively). Some socioeconomic characteristics are linked to nonmarital fertility levels with women without formal education, women from poor households, and self-employed women having significantly higher nonmarital fertility risks. Also, older unmarried women, women who have an early sexual debut, cohabiters, women with unmet need for family planning are all associated with considerably higher risks of nonmarital childbearing. A few significant regional disparities also exist, with the Central Region having higher whereas the Upper West Region has lower risks of nonmarital fertility compared to the Greater Accra Region. Childbirth outside marriage is a social concern among women in Ghana. The findings have possible implications for bridging socioeconomic disparities among unmarried women.In this study, we estimate the effects of childbirth on female labour supply by using Japanese data. The novel contributions of our study are twofold. Firstly, we include the effects of unobserved preferences on female labour supply. Secondly, we apply a dynamic version of the sequential matching approach to analyse the causal effects of childbirth on female labour market outcomes. The estimated results show that childbirth decreases current employment outcomes (participation in regular and non-regular work) and that this decrease is larger for regular employees than for non-regular employees. On the timing of childbirth, while the negative effects of childbirth on regular work increase by delaying the age at childbirth, these negative effects on non-regular employment slightly decrease by delaying the age at childbirth. On future employment outcomes, childbirth does not affect the probability of choosing non-regular work in the next period regardless of childbearing age. By contrast, delayed childbirth decreases the probability of choosing regular work in the next period significantly.
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This paper reviews the evidence on the well-known positive association between socioeconomic status and health. We focus on four dimensions of socioeconomic status -- education, financial resources, rank, and race and ethnicity -- paying particular attention to how the mechanisms linking health to each of these dimensions diverge and coincide. The extent to which socioeconomic advantage causes good health varies, both across these four dimensions and across the phases of the lifecycle. Circumstances in early life play a crucial role in determining the co-evolution of socioeconomic status and health throughout adulthood. In adulthood, a considerable part of the association runs from health to socioeconomic status, at least in the case of wealth. The diversity of pathways casts doubt upon theories that treat socioeconomic status as a unified concept.
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Background: The research on fear of childbirth and childbirth self-efficacy of pregnant women in China mainly concentrates on the late pregnancy, and there is a lack of research on the psychology of women during labor. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between fear of childbirth and childbirth self-efficacy during labor. Methods: 378 pregnant women in labor were selected by convenience sampling. They were investigated using a self-designed questionnaire, the Chinese version of Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire, and the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory. Results: The total score of fear of childbirth during labor was 31.95 ± 9.01, and the total score of childbirth self-efficacy was 212.03 ± 59.64. The total score of fear of childbirth and the score of each dimension were significantly negatively correlated with those of childbirth self-efficacy (R2 = –0.354 to –0.155, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Fear of childbirth during labor should arouse attention of medical staffs. It is necessary to enhance psychological support and childbirth self-efficacy during labor to reduce the fear of childbirth.
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Abstract A negative childbirth experience may have long term negative effects on maternal health. New international guidelines allow a slower progress of labor in the early active phase, however a longer time in labor may influence the childbirth experience. In this population-based cohort study including 26,429 women, who gave birth between Jan 2016 to March 2020, the association between duration of the different phases of active labor and childbirth experience was studied. The women assessed their childbirth experience by visual analogue scale (VAS) score. Data including VAS score and labor time estimates were obtained from electronic medical records and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated.The prevalence of negative childbirth experience (VAS 1-3) was 4,9%. A significant association between longer duration of all phases of active labor and a negative childbirth experience (VAS 1-3) was found for primi- and multipara. The aOR for negative childbirth experience and longer time in active labor in primipara was 1.88, 95% CI (1.59-2.22) and for multipara aOR 1.90, 95% CI (1.59-2.28).It is of great importance to identify and optimize the clinical care of women with prolonged labor to reduce the risk of negative childbirth experience and associated adverse long-term effects.
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The relationships between socioeconomic status and fertility and between family structure and fertility were studied in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Data was collected on family structure, education, income, and fertility preferences of 136 mothers. The conjugal role relationships of each couple were classified as joint, segregated, or intermediate. Socioeconomic status was determined and classified as high, medium, and low. Higher status wizes desire, expect, and have fewer births than do low status women (p is less than .01). Women who have joint conjugal roles expect an average of 2.8 births, while segregated women expect almost 1 more child per couple (3.6); the number of children expected increases as conjugal role segregation increases. Socioeconomic status is more closely related to each of the fertility variables than is family structure. Family structure does influence reproductive behavior and is related to socioeconomic status, but it plays a lesser role.
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This study estimates the effects of childbirth on female labour supply using Japanese data. The original contributions of our study are twofold. First, we include the preference for having children as a time-varying confounding variable in the effects of childbirth on female labour supply. Second, we apply a dynamic version of the sequential matching approach to analyse the causal effects of childbirth on female labour market outcomes. The results show that childbirth decreases current employment outcomes (participation as regular and non-regular workers) and that this decrease is more pronounced among regular workers than non-regular workers. At the time of childbirth, while the negative effects of childbirth on choosing regular work increase when childbirth age is delayed, the negative effects on choosing non-regular work are slightly decreased by delaying the age of childbirth. Regarding future employment outcomes, childbirth does not affect the probability of choosing non-regular work in the next period, regardless of childbirth age. In contrast, delayed childbirth decreases the probability of choosing regular work in the next period significantly.
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This quasi-experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of childbirth preparation model on childbirth experience for primipara and their supporters. The samples, 37 pregnant women and their supporters, were recruited by purposive sampling from an antenatal clinic in the tertiary care hospital, Southern Thailand. The participants in treatment group (18 pairs) were received the childbirth preparation model, such as briefly anatomy and mechanism of labor, sign and symptoms of childbirth, physical exercises and relaxed practices, caring for birth assist and risk of operative obstetrics, and visiting the labor room. The supporters were received the same knowledge as pregnant women and were learnt about their roles during the first stage of labor and the recovery stage as well. The participants in control group were received the standard care of antenatal clinic and labor room. The data were collected after child delivery giving birth within 48 hours, using primipara’s experience and supporters’ experience of childbirth questionnaires. Both questionnaires were tested the reliability, with the tests range of 0.74 - 0.84. Mean primipara’s experience and supporters’ experience of childbirth scores in treatment group were higher than the control group’s (p < 0.05). These indicated pregnant women and their supporters who were prepared for childbirth were more likely to have positive experience about childbirth. The findings from this study suggest that the childbirth preparation model should be used for promoting childbirth experience of primipara and their supporters.
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Objectives: This study was conducted to determine factors related to childbirth satisfaction in women who experienced psychological traumatic childbirth. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to examine 375 postpartum women who had experienced psychological traumatic childbirth according to criterion A of the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 [A]). Data-gathering tools were the demographic and obstetric characteristics questionnaire and Mackey childbirth satisfaction questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 24.0), and independent t test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, as well as multivariate linear regression test were used to perform data analysis. Results: The mean (standard deviation) of the delivery satisfaction score was 120.09 (27.11) out of 170. The predictors of satisfaction with delivery in women who had experienced psychological traumatic childbirth included type of delivery (P < 0.001), accordance of the delivery with the desired delivery (P = 0.013), and analgesia (P = 0.02). Conclusions: It seems that with continuous training and counseling about the type of delivery, the mother’s participation in delivery decisions, and also providing a variety of analgesia methods during delivery can increase childbirth satisfaction and reduce psychological traumatic childbirth.
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