Supercritical carbon dioxide drying of municipal sewage sludge – Novel waste-to-energy valorization pathway
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Keywords:
Dewatering
Sewage sludge
Thermal hydrolysis
Biogas
Preface Introduction: About Sewage Sludge Municipal Sludge: Generation & Characteristics Sewage Sludge Properties Wastewater Treatment Residuals: Sources, Characteristics, & Quantities Sewage Sludge & Global Change Sustainable Use of Sludge & Treated Wastewater in the Agricultural Field Land Application of Sewage Effluents & Sludge's: Selected Abstracts From 1897-1973 Sewage Sludge Compost Evaluation & Utilization Anaerobic Treatment of Sewage Sludge Stabilization Of Municipal Sewage Sludge by Fly Ash Ocean Dumping: An Old & Known Sewage Sludge Methods Potential Use of Sewage Sludge as a Construction Material Problems Related to the Management Of Sewage Sludge Impact Assessment from Sewage Sludge Legislation on Sewage Sludge Approaches to the Implications of the EU Directive on Sludge: Analytical Methodologies, Concentration Levels & Occurrence of Organic Pollutants in Different Types of Sewage Sludge Phosphorus Recovery as Map-Struvite From Digested Sewage Sludge Proposals of Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Sludge Management The Potential of Anaerobic Digestion for Energy Recovery From Sludge Sewage Sludge Treatment: Cost Benefits Analysis & Economic Aspects Gaseous Emissions & Pollution Prevention From The Incineration of Sewage Sludge Global Change & Soil Science Index.
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According to the Polish law, sewage sludge is regarded as a waste and in 95% is stored on a disposal sites after previous dewatering. Poland belongs to the group of European countries that hardly utilize sewage sludge as a resource. Only 0.5% of sewage sludge undergoes thermal treatment by incineration or co-incineration with other waste, of which sewage sludge comprises only a slight amount. Only 4.5% of sewage sludge is used as a valuable fertilizer to agricultural and natural purposes, which puts us at the bottom of the list of European countries in relation to utilization of such sludge as a valuable source of biogenic elements. In the paper the general characteristic of sewage sludge in the aspects of its potential thermal, agricultural and natural usage is presented. On the example of three wastewater treatment plants the final utilization of sewage sludge together with its thermal treatment and burning in one of the plants is characterized. Examinations of analyzed sludge from two wastewater treatment plants displayed the possibility of application of the sewage sludge to cultivation of non-comestible plants or reclamation of degraded land. High content of organic compounds and adequately low final hydration of sewage sludge from examined wastewater treatment plant created the possibility of its burning and co-burning, which is presented in the paper.
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Municipal sludge anaerobic digestion is an ideal way of sludge disposal,which not only solves the pollution problem from sewage sludge,but also produce energy.The low biological hydrolysis sludge has effects on anaerobic digestion.This paper reviews several pretreatment technologies for enhancing sludge anaerobic digestion,including pyrolyzation,alkali treatment,ozonation,ultrasonic processing and irradiation technology.It opens up a new way for improving the efficiency of anaerobic digestion.
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Waste water treatment is a standard process in developed countries. It is intended to minimize the influence of waste water on the environment. The treatment process produces various remains that are generally called sewage sludge. In general, the remaining material is treated physically to dewater the sludge to reduce the volume and mass before disposal. This treated sewage sludge has around 25% of dry solids. The chemical and physical properties of the sewage sludge have to be monitored to determine the correct method of disposal. If the sewage sludge contains higher concentrations of heavy metals the only method for the disposal is thermal treatment. This article will present possible technologies for sewage sludge thermal treatment and the experience of Slovene waste thermal treatment plant that incinerates sewage sludge.
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A SELECTION OF PAPERS PRESENTED. Opening. Opening speech of the Conference President. Concerted action and use of organic sludge and liquid agricultural waste (COST 681): The History. Sludge Characterization. Production, treatment and handling of sewage sludge. Physical and chemical characterization of sewage sludge. Sludge reduction possibilities as demonstrated by the chemolysis process DOW Stade GmbH. Sludge Management Options for Treatment and Disposal. Methods of applying sewage sludge to land: A review of recent developments. Alternative uses of sludge other than agricultural. Odour problems with sewage sludge. Agriculture Use of Sewage Sludge: Quality Aspects. Pathway analysis of selected organic chemicals from sewage to agricultural soil. Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludges: State of the art and perspectives. Improvement of the quality of sewage sludge: Microbiological aspects. Sludge Dewatering and Biological Conditioning. High-pressure dewatering with polymer conditioning as a prerequisite for the energy-independant incineration of sewage sludge. Sludge dewatering technology in perspective. Report of session on sludge dewatering (Sess. IV). Sludge Incineration. Technical requirements and possibilities of incineration. Environmental aspects of sludge incineration (Overview). Sewage sludge incineration and utilization of energy. Other Thermal Processes. A status report on environment Canada's: Oil from sludge technology. Thermophilic aerobic stabilization. Report of session on other thermal processes (Sess. VI). Landfilling. Influences on the mechanical properties of sewage sludge for disposal to landfill. Environmental aspects of landfilling sludge. Report of session on landfilling (Sess. VII). Poster Session. Increasing the effectiveness of sludge dewatering with filter presses. Sludge recycling in agriculture compared with other disposal methods in France. The use of municipal sewage sludge in agriculture: The role of the water authorities. Index. A FULL LIST OF PAPERS IS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST TO THE PUBLISHER
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Sewage sludge management is one of the biggest concerns to the wastewater industry due to the increasing volumes produced and new stringent environmental regulations. Hydrothermal Treatments (HT) are a good option for converting wet biomass such as sewage sludge into high value products. However, HT are still not well developed when compared with other waste processing treatments. One of the most promising areas for developing hydrothermal processing applications is in sewage sludge treatment facilities. Sewage sludge has been identified as a potential feedstock for hydrothermal processing that could make use of existing facilities currently in place in wastewater treatment works (WWTWs). In order to look for options aimed at reducing the costs of the WWT process and digestate management by delivering a sustainable and novel approach, the aim of this project is to assess alternatives to enhance the way sewage sludge is handled in WWTWs, by focusing on the use of hydrothermal processes and the potential of recovering energy and nutrients. The potential of integrating HT Processes with AD for sewage sludge treatment was evaluated. Hydrochar yields ranged from 38 to 68% at 160°C and from 29 and 40% at 250°C for all thermal treated sewage sludge samples. The soluble fraction of organic carbon increased in primary sludge digestate (525%), secondary sludge digestate (808%) and sewage digestate sludge (675%) after thermal treatments compared with the untreated digestates. Figures from Biomethane Potential (BMP) tests showed that hydrothermal treatment enhanced methane production in all non-AD and AD sludge samples processed. Mass and energy balances were carried out from six proposed process configurations from different sewage sludge feedstocks and their digestates (primary, secondary and 1:1 Mix) in order to evaluate the waste generation, nutrients potential fate, net energy production and potential profit. The results showed the HTC at higher temperatures (250°C) seems to have more economic and environmental benefits. Scenarios that involved primary and mix sludge seemed to be the most suitable options in terms of the organic matter removal, energy harnessing and economic feasibility.
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This study investigated the environmental and economical assessment for sewage sludge treatment options including biogasification, incineration, carbonization, drying, and solidification. Additionally it is also investigated the economical feasibility of the current guidelines (Digestion efficiency for organic waste = 45 %, Moisture content of sludge = 95 and 93 %) and it aimed to suggest the scientific informations for a policy-making. For the economical feasibility the 30 plants with anaerobic digestion treatment and the 17 plants without anaerobic digestion treatment were investigated. The result of the comparison of sewage sludge treatment options showed that anaerobic digestion+incineration was the most economically feasible considering incineration and drying. For smaller treatment capacity, solidification was the most economically feasible considering carbonization and solidification and anaerobic digestion+carbonization was the most economically feasible considering carbonization and solidification.
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Sewage sludge
Energy Recovery
Biodegradable waste
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This study aims to clarify the material and energy flows in a well-known sewage sludge treatment plant in Japan; the treatment processes include composting, drying, incineration, and incineration with ash melting. We used not only statistical data but also data such as carbon, nitrogen, and moisture content in sludge obtained through our on-site observations. Material and energy flow analysis of sewage sludge composting is seldom reported in comparison with the analysis of other recycling and treatment methods. Therefore, we have performed material and energy flow analysis on sewage sludge composting to estimate factors such as environmental load and energy balance. We investigate the energy consumption of sewage sludge composting in one company that produces manure through aerobic fermentation of sewage sludge. In addition, we compare sewage sludge composting with incineration and evaluate their respective characteristics regarding sewage treatment and production of manure. It has been found that the use of anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge can reduce the overall energy consumption in sewage sludge treatment if power generation using biogas is adopted; however, the digestion of sewage sludge lowers the heating value of the digested sludge, requiring more energy to operate the digester. The energy consumption in a wastewater treatment plant accepting returned water from sludge digestion was increased by 10% to 20% compared to the process without sludge digestion. The overall energy consumption in both wastewater treatment and sludge digestion should be considered. The electric power was 60% of the overall energy consumption and 70% of the energy consumption in the plant's production sector.
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Water utilities generate enormous amounts of sewage sludge globally each year. This chapter introduces the characteristics of sewage sludge and anaerobic sludge digestion. The state-of-the-art technologies for enhancing methane and hydrogen productions from sewage sludge are also elucidated, including physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment. Emphasis is put on their effect on methane and hydrogen production performance, with an increase of 10–340% in methane production and an increase of 20–1300% in hydrogen production. In general, thermal pretreatment, free nitrous acid pretreatment, free ammonia pretreatment, and temperature-phased anaerobic digestion show advantages over the other pretreatment technologies. In addition, ultrasonic pretreatment (<4400 kJ/kg total solids) will also be promising if pathogen destruction is not a main concern. In the future, various pretreatment technologies should be implemented to the same sludge source in order to avoid the bias imposed by the different sludge sources.
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