Possibilities of genetic re-improvement in open pollinated processing tomato cultivars: a case study from Turkey
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This chapter describes in detail the available germplasm resources for vegetable rootstock breeding. It discusses the genetic diversity in the Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae, and describes the gene bank collections of these families. Current usage of genetic material in rootstocks (rootstocks for production of cucurbits and solanaceous crops) is also discussed. The germplasm collections and the grafting in other plant families, including Cynara and Phaseolus, are also described. It is concluded that the range of rootstock cultivars currently in widespread commercial use is extremely narrow and is much more limited than the diversity of scion cultivars.
Germ plasm
Genetic Resources
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With an annual global production of approximately 25 million tons, the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L), a member of the genus Phaseolus, is one of the major protein sources used as food for humans. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the genome size of the common bean genetic resource collection (154 common bean accessions) in Turkey by flow cytometry (FCM) and determine whether geographical variables affected the genome size. In addition, the number and distribution of 5S and 45S ribosomal DNA loci were designated by performing a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in some of the accessions. The FCM analyses revealed that the mean nuclear DNA content of the accessions varied from 1.28 pg2C-1 to 1.55 pg2C-1 (mean 1.35 pg2C-1), and the differences between these accessions were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Intraspecific variation in the genome size was determined, and a positive correlation was found between the altitude and genome size. However, latitude and longitude did not have any statistically significant effect on the genome size. In the principal coordinate analysis, the accessions were divided into 3groups. Based on the results of the FISH analysis performed on 5 different accessions with varying genome sizes, using 5S and 45S rDNA genes as probes, the number of 5S rDNA loci was 4 in the common bean and stable among the common bean accessions, while the number of 45S rDNA loci was highly polymorphic, varying between 6 and 16. Consequently, it was determined in the present study that the genetic resource collection of common bean had a wide variation in terms of genome size and genome organization.
Genome size
Common wheat
Nuclear DNA
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Quinoa is an important staple food crop for millions of impoverished rural inhabitants of the Andean region. Quinoa is considered a good source of protein,vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of world quinoa germplasm originating from 8 countries through the iPBS-retrotransposon marker system. Molecular characterization was performed using the 11 most polymorphic primers. A total of 235 bands were recorded, of which 66.8% were polymorphic. Mean polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.410. Various diversity indices including mean effective number of alleles (1.269), mean Shannon's information index (0.160) and gene diversity (0.247) revealed the existence of sufficient amount of genetic diversity in studied germplasm. Bolivia-17 and Mexico-1 were found to be genetically distinct accessions and can be suggested as candidate parents for future breeding activities. Various diversity indices were also calculated among germplasm collection counries and the results clearly showed the existence of higher genetic diversity in Bolivian and Peruvian accessions. The model-based structure, neighbor-joining, and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) grouped quinoa germplasm according to their collection country. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that most of the variations (69%) in world quinoa germplasm are due to differences within populations. Findings of this study can be used for deeper understanding of the genetic relationship and in the determination of appropriate breeding and conservation strategies for quinoa.
Germ plasm
Diversity index
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Prunus armeniaca
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Abstract The study evaluated some agro-morphological (fruit weight, fruit flesh ratio, fruit skin colour, number of fruits per raceme, number of racemes per bush), biochemical (vitamin C, soluble solids content, organic acids), and bioactive (total phenolics, total anthocyanins, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity) characteristics of the fruit of a number of selected European Cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L.) genotypes grown in the Sivas province of Turkey. To evaluate the antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were performed. The results showed genotype-specific differences in most of the agro-morphological, biochemical and bioactive characteristics. The range of fruit weight, number of fruits per raceme, and number of racemes per bush was between 0.67 and 0.82 g, 40.7 and 57.1, and 470 and 581, respectively. The highest vitamin C and soluble solids contents were found in the fruits of genotypes SIV-9 and SIV-6 as 39 mg per 100 g and 12.6%, respectively. Tartaric acid was the main organic acid in all the genotypes; it ranged from 120 to 144 mg per 100 g of fruit FW. Total phenolic, total anthocyanin and total flavonoid contents ranged from 621 to 987 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g, 15 to 51 mg cyanidin-3-rutinoside equivalents per 100 g, and 202 to 318 mg rutin equivalents per 100 g, respectively. Genotype SIV-10 had the highest antioxidant capacity (34.90 μmol Trolox per g, based on FRAP assays). The present study shows the potential of the evaluated European Cranberrybush genotypes for improving the nutritional value through germplasm enhancement programmes.
Raceme
Trolox
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Very limited information is available on the origin, diversity and evolution of Plum pox virus ( PPV ) ‘Turkey’ (T) strain. Phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences of 421 isolates and complete genome sequences of 57 isolates, representing the geographical distribution of PPV ‐T in Turkey, revealed the existence of several monophyletic and, in some cases, geographically limited groups within the PPV ‐T strain (Ankara‐Konya1‐Kayseri, Ankara‐Balkan, Istanbul, Konya2 and Balkan). PPV ‐T diversity (0.018%) was found to be greater than that of PPV strains D and Rec but lower than that of the M strain when including the newly described and divergent M‐Istanbul isolates, suggesting a long evolutionary history for PPV ‐T. The European part of Turkey in the Balkans, close to Bulgaria where PPV was identified for the first time, appears as a likely centre of origin for PPV ‐T isolates. The colonization of various parts of Turkey by diverse isolates from that region, followed by secondary local spread, is the most likely scenario for the diffusion of PPV ‐T in Turkey.
Monophyly
Strain (injury)
Pox virus
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Mohammad Nisar, Attaullah Mian, Ajmal Iqbal, Zakia Ahmad, Nazim Hassan, Muhammad Laiq, Muhammad Salam, Fatih Hanci, A Detailed Characterization of the Common Bean Genetic Diversity in the Hidden Gene Center of Pakistan: Malakand Division
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Characterization
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Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is one of the important vegetable, grain, and fodder legume species grown in the tropics and subtropics. Cowpea is grown on small farms, and locally adapted landraces or populations are cultivated, and genetic improvements are limited by the lack of knowledge of genetic diversity of the indigenous and cultivated germplasm. Characterization and classification of diversity of the germplasm is valuable for both plant breeders and germplasm curators in the development of conservation strategies and identification of plant genetic resources. In the present study, 36 qualitative and quantitative agromorphological traits were used to characterize and assess the genetic diversity of 32 farmer preferred cowpea genotypes collected from diverse cultivated locations. Genetic variation was highly significant, and phenotypic diversity was observed for agromorphological traits. Agromorphological traits were classified by principal components analysis (PCA) into 10 components, which explained 81.18% of the total variation. PCA revealed that seed properties such as weight, diameter, width, length, eye color and immature pod pigmentation, leaf and pod color properties were the primary characteristics to discriminate cowpea genotypes. The hierarchical analysis grouped the genotypes into five clusters, and significant association was not apparent between geographic origin and agromorphological traits. The promising germplasm was identified to improve the landraces for fresh pod, grain, and fodder.
Germ plasm
Fodder
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This chapter explores how genetic diversity can be exploited more deeply to create new rootstock cultivars, and describes the current and future breeding strategies applicable to rootstocks. It considers how to combine different sources of genetic variation, for example by overcoming species barriers, and how to select useful rootstocks. The many traits that can be associated with the root system or conferred by a rootstock to the scion are outlined. The impact of the practice of grafting on breeding strategies is also discussed.
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