Impact of Air pollution on Human Health
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Abstract:
Air pollution risk is a function of the hazard of the pollution and the exposure to that pollution Its can be expressed for an individual for certain groups neighbourhoods or children living in a country, or for entire population. The exposure to hazards air pollution for a geographical area which includes the various micro-environments and age groups. It needs different age and other demographic groups, especially infants, children, pregnant women and other sensitive Sub population. Air pollution is harmful material into the earth’s atmosphere, causing disease, death to humans, and damage to other living organisms such as food crops and built environment. The sources of air pollution are automobiles, industrial emissions, nuclear and thermal power stations etc. Its effects on human health, and control of air pollution.Keywords:
Health hazard
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Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in developed and undeveloped countries and it is associated with significant adverse health effects. Air pollution is characterized by the presence of a heterogeneous, complex mixture of gases, liquids and particulate matter in air. Pollution is caused by both natural and man-made sources, and it may greatly vary from one region to another according to the geography, demography, climate, and topography of these ones. For example, pollutant concentrations decrease significantly when the urban area meets certain characteristics as topography or large rain season (Celik & Kadi, 2007). Forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds, and natural radioactivity are among natural causes of air pollution. Major man-made sources of air pollution include: industries, transportation, agriculture, power generation, and unplanned urban areas (Fenger, 2009). Air pollutants exert a wide range of impacts on biological, physical, and ecosystems. Their effects on human health are of particular concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) consider air pollution as the mayor environmental risk to health and is estimated to cause approximately 2 million premature deaths worldwide per year (WHO, 2008). This type of pollution is classified in criterio and non-criterio pollutants, the firsts are considered dangerous to human and animal health, its name was given after the result of various evaluations regarding air pollution published by the United States of America (EPA, 2008). Six criteria of pollutants are defined: Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Particulate Matter (PM), Lead (Pb), and Ozone (O3). The objective of this classification is to establish permissible levels to protect human and animal health and for the preservation of the environment. Human health is one of the most important concerns due to the short-term consequences of air pollution, especially in metropolitan areas, health effects are dependent on the type of pollutant, its concentration in air, length of exposure to the pollutant and individual susceptibility. Several groups of individuals react differently to air pollution, Children and elderly people are the most affected by this kind of pollution. Global warming and the greenhouse effect are among long term consequences of the global climate. 4
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Background: The effects of air pollution on health are now well documented. As the individual risk from air pollution is relatively low while the whole population is exposed, health impact assessment (HIA) helps getting a clearer vision of its public health impact. In France, HIAs of air pollution in urban areas using a standardised method developed by the French Surveillance Programme on Air Pollution and Health (PSAS) have been largely used to promote local policies. However, now stakeholders express the need for HIAs on a regional scale, beyond urban areas. Aims:The objectives of this pilot study are to test the interest and the feasibility of conducting an HIA at a regional scale in several French regions. We have identified the methodological and technical difficulties of the HIA at a regional scale and evaluated the added value of the results for stakeholders in order to extend the method to other regions. Methods: We conducted a literature review on existing studies on HIA at a regional scale. Results: Based on a literature review and experts’ advice, we defined three approaches, two quantifying the current impact of air pollution according to the scenario, and one quantifying the future impact of implemented policies. The pilot study has been implemented in two contrasted French regions: Ile-de-France and Languedoc-Roussillon. It has evaluated the short-term impact of ozone and the long-term impact of PM2.5 on mortality, testing different spatial grids, from 10 kilometers in rural areas to 2 kilometers in highly urbanized areas. Conclusions: Recent developments of modeling methods on air quality and geographic information systems make HIAs feasible at a regional scale. They provide an objective spatial estimate of the impacts of improvements in air quality on a given population’s health and may help decision makers in planning and implementing measures to protect public health more effectively.
Health Impact Assessment
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Impact assessment
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Air pollution is a major health issue affecting both developed and developing countries. Due to increase in air pollution infants, children and adults are at high risk and most are affected by chronic respiratory diseases. Air pollution is caused due to introduction of particulate matters, biological molecules and other harmful materials in the environment.In this research work the main focus is on analysis of air quality of certain areas of Delhi and all the pollutants that pollute the air. Data mining technique used is K-means clustering.
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In the last few years, air pollution has become a major issue in some countries of Latin America and the Caribbean because of urban development and growing industrialization. In addition to industrial processes often concentrated in the cities, vehicle emission and stationary-source fuel combustion are the primary sources of air pollution. A survey was carried out at selected Industrial areas in and around Bangalore city to investigate the effect of air pollution human health. It was found that these personnel were directly exposed to the pollution for nearly 8 to 10 hours per day. It is observed that public is suffering from respiratory disorders and other problems due to exposure of air pollution.
Industrialisation
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Environmental Pollution
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Background.Air pollution is an important issue in developed and industrialized countries. The most common sources of air pollution are anthropogenic activities such as construction dust, vehicular emissions and mining. For low- and middle-income countries, biomass burning and indoor heating are the leading sources of air pollution. As more of the world undergoes development and human populations increase, industrialization is also increasing, along with the potential for air pollution.Objectives.This article reviews the status of air pollution to raise awareness of air quality and human health in Botswana.Discussion.Since independence, Botswana has experienced one of the highest economic development growth rates in the world. These changes have occurred as a result of economic growth and resource utilization associated with increased industrialization. However, there is growing worldwide concern about the effect and impact of pollution due to industrial growth. Botswana is ranked amongst the most polluted countries with serious air pollution, despite a population of just over 2 million.Conclusions.Rapid development and increased urbanization have had a major environmental impact around the world. This increased growth has the potential to lead to air quality degradation. Significant health threats are posed by industrial and vehicular emissions, especially in urban and peri-urban areas where the population is most concentrated. It is important that the linkage between air pollution and health effects is fully examined across all scales of life, especially in developing countries. In addition, programs should be devised to educate the public about the pollution impacts on health.
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