Antimicrobial activity and degradation of superhydrophobic magnesium substrates in bacterial media
Alexandre M. EmelyanenkoV. V. KaminskyИ. С. ПыцкийKirill A. EmelyanenkoAlexander G. DomantovskyElizaveta V. ChulkovaA. A. ShiryaevAndrei V. AleshkinЛ. Б. Бойнович
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Abstract The interest in magnesium-based materials is promoted by their biocompatibility, bioresorbability, and by their recently found antibacterial potential. Until now the widespread use of magnesium alloys in different corrosive environments was inhibited by their weakly controllable degradation rate and poorly understood microbiologically induced corrosion behavior. To better understand the degradation and usability of magnesium-based alloys, in this study we have fabricated the superhydrophobic coatings on top of magnesium-based alloy and analyzed the behavior of this alloy in bacterial dispersions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae cells in phosphate buffered saline. It was shown that immersion of such coatings into bacterial dispersions causes notable changes in the morphology of the samples, dependent on the bacterial dispersion composition and the type of bacterial strain. The interaction of superhydrophobic coatings with the bacterial dispersion caused the formation of biofilms and sodium polyphosphate films, which provided enhanced barrier properties for magnesium dissolution and hence for dispersion medium alkalization, eventually leading to inhibition of magnesium substrate degradation. Electrochemical data obtained for superhydrophobic samples continuously contacted with the corrosive bacterial dispersions during 48 h indicated a high level of anti-corrosion protection.Keywords:
Biocompatibility
Degradation
Magnesium phosphate
Magnesium phosphate
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Magnesium phosphate
Potassium phosphate
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Objective:To observe the corrosion behavior of pure magnesium in different corrosive media,and explore the possible degradation mechanism.Methods:According to ASTM-G31-72 standard used simulated body fluid(SBF) and Dulbecco's modify Eagle medium(DMEM)for immersion media to immerse pure magnesium.Measured calcium,magnesium ion concentration and system pH changes in the different time point.The changes of material surface morphology were investigated by scanning electron microscopy,EDS and XRD.Results: After immersing 8 days,the samples in SBF could not observe the complete shape,while the samples' shape were completed in DMEM.The magnesium ion release quantity and calcium consumption in SBF solution are obviously higher than that of the DMEM solution.The changes of pH in two kinds of corrosion medium did not present too big difference,and the pH was maintained at about 10.0 finally.The product of pure magnesium which soaked in the two kinds of corrosion medium presented big difference.Samples' surface in the SBF system generated magnesium hydroxide,and emerged a small amount of magnesium phosphate precipitation.While in DMEM,there has been a lot of magnesium monohydrogen phosphate,magnesium phosphate,and a small amount of magnesium hydroxide crystals.Conclusion:The SBF system of the corrosion rate was significantly higher than DMEM.Pure magnesium corrosion products generated differently at different time points in the SBF system and DMEM.
Simulated body fluid
Magnesium phosphate
Immersion
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Determination of magnesium oxide from food grade magnesium phosphate was studied by dissolution of samples with dilute hydrochloric acid,coordination with EDTA standard solution and back titration with magnesium sulfate standard solution.The recovery and relative standard deviation were 97～103% and less than 0.21% respectively.
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Magnesium phosphate
Complexometric titration
Standard solution
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SUMMARY Growing wether sheep in metabolism cages were fed a low phosphorus diet (0·75g P/day) supplemented with 1·75 g P/day as either a magnesium phosphate (20·0% Mg, 18·5% P) or a calcium magnesium phosphate (16·1% Ca, 6·0% Mg, 18·5% P). In addition, the magnesium phosphate provided 1·87 g Mg/day and the calcium magnesium phosphate 0·57 g Mg/day. In each case comparisons were made with equivalent amounts of phosphorus and magnesium supplied as dicalcium phosphate (26·5% Ca, 16·0% P) and magnesium oxide (60·0% Mg). All the supplements resulted in similar positive phosphorus retentions of between 0·77and 0·92 g P/day compared with a daily loss of 0·17 g P/day for the low phosphorus diet. Calcium retentions were higher (1·40 and 1·70 g Ca/day) whendicalcium phosphate rather than the magnesium phosphates (1·16 g Ca/day) were given. Magnesium retentions were increased from 0·1 g Mg/day (unsupplemented) to 0·3–0·4 gMg/day and were similar for both magnesium oxide and the magnesium phosphates. Blood phosphorus and magnesium concentrations were increased to a similar degree by all forms of supplementation.
Magnesium phosphate
Magnesium deficiency (plants)
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Biocompatibility
Magnesium phosphate
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An indoor simulating experiment was conducted with repacked soil columns for studying the leaching process of magnesium in soil of mountain longan orchards.The objective was to identify the effects of fertilization practices on leaching pattern and magnitudes of Mg 2+ .The treatments were CK(NPK, as a control),NPK+ calcium magnesium phosphate,NPK+ magnesium sulfate,NPK+ magnesium chloride,NP+ magnesium sulfate,PK+ magnesium sulfate,NPK+ magnesium sulfate+lime.The columns were leached with 120ml deionized water daily through peristaltic pump over a period of 92 days.Leacheates were collected once every 7 days .Mg 2+ in the leacheates were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.At the end of leaching process, soils were sampled from different depths of the soil columns to determine exchangeable magnesium content.Results showed that magnesium was relatively easily leached from soil, and as a result ,caused magnesium deficiency of longan.Application of KCl promoted the leaching of magnesium.Application of urea inhibited the downward movement of exchangeable magnesium ,as a result prevented the leaching of magnesium.The application of CaCO3 scarcely had effects on the leaching lose of magnesium.The leaching amount of magnesium in three magnesium fertilizers treatments was in the following order: magnesium chloride〉〉magnesium sulfate calcium magnesium phosphate.
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Magnesium phosphate
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MgO was prepared via washing to reduce the impurity of the ion content of the lithium-extracting magnesium slag, a by-product of the Salt Lake and obtained via the membrane separation method, followed by calcination.The MgO was used as a raw material to prepare magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC).Through analyses including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, hydration heat release rate, hydration products and porosity, the effects of the impurity of the ion content, and calcination temperature on the physicochemical and MKPC properties of MgO in the lithium-extracting magnesium slag were explored.The results show that the impurity of the ion content and calcination temperature only change the specific surface and crystal morphology of MgO, but not the basic phase composition.The optimal process for the preparation of MKPC from the lithium-extracting magnesium slag included washing to a filtrate the conductivity of 5000 μS•cm -1 and calcination at 1200 ℃.The MKPC prepared by this combination exhibited the longest setting time, the highest strength in the later stage, and no shrinkage.Regarding its microscopic morphology, the K-struvite structure had the largest size, most regular arrangement, and lowest porosity.This combination was also the most economical and met the requirement of low energy consumption.
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Slag (welding)
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This study investigated the biocompatibility of strontium-doped calcium phosphate (Sr-CaP) coatings on pure magnesium (Mg) surfaces for bone applications. Sr-CaP coated specimens were obtained by chemical immersion method on biodegradable magnesium. In this study, Sr-CaP coated magnesium was obtained by immersing pure magnesium in a solution containing Sr-CaP at 80 °C for 3 h. The corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of magnesium according to the content of Sr-CaP coated on the magnesium surface were evaluated. As a result, the corrosion resistance of Sr-CaP coated magnesium was improved compared to pure magnesium. In addition, it was confirmed that the biocompatibility of the group containing Sr was increased. Thus, the Ca-SrP coating with a reduced degradation and improved biocompatibility could be used in Mg-based orthopedic implant applications.
Biocompatibility
Magnesium phosphate
Simulated body fluid
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