Stain transfer for automatic annotation of malignant lymphoma regions in H&E stained whole slide histopathology images
Ryoichi KogaNoriaki HashimotoTatsuya YokotaMasato NakaguroKei KohnoShigeo NakamuraIchiro TakeuchiHidekata Hontani
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We propose a method to transfer a given pathology image stained by some immunostaining to a H&E stained one. When one construct a classifier that estimates the subtype of malignant lymphoma from a given H&E stained pathology image, one needs a set of training H&E stained whole slide images in which the tumor regions are annotated. The annotation is not easy and requires large human resources. Here, it is known that some immunostaining stains only some specific tumor cells and the tumor region detection from the immunostained images is straightforward. It means once you transfer the immunostained images to H&E stained ones, you can easily obtain a set of virtually H&E stained images with annotation of tumor regions. In this manuscript, we report on the proposed method and experimental results of stain transfer from CD20 stained images to H&E stained ones.Keywords:
Histopathology
Stain
Malignant lymphoma
The annotation of Xiaojing by Tang Xuan_zong is the most popular annotation about Xiaojing after Tang Dynasty. Contract with Zheng's Annotation and Kong's Annotation which were the most popular annotation before Tang Dynasty, Tang xuan_zong' s Annotation appears some obvious characters.Firstly,Tang Xuan_zong's Annotation is very brief to the point and easy to understand in write style. Secondly, Xuan_zong learned widely strong points from all other annotations and brought them into his own annotation. Thirdly, it stresses connection with reality and carries on the idea of rule country by filial piety .These characters are the most important reasons that Xuan_zongs' Annotation can replace all other annotations of Xiaojing and become the important popular annotation after Tang Dynasty.
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Patients with HIV-1 infection have high risk for malignant lymphoma(AIDS lymphoma). In Japanese patients, more than 90% of AIDS lymphoma are related to EBV. All 22 cases which we have experienced are non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and their histological classification is either diffuse large or diffuse immunoblastic. Their mean CD4 count is 13.6/mm3. The reports from United States and Europe show that a half of AIDS lymphoma cases are small noncleaved type and the mean CD4 count is approximately 200/mm3. This difference between Japan and other countries may be caused by difference of EBV prevalence, but precise reason is not clear.
Malignant lymphoma
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As for the annotation of Ruan Ji's Yonghui Poem which occupies an important position,critics and scholars have been attaching importance to it after Yan Yanzhi's annotation.Through analysis and research,the skeleton of Ruan's poets develop as follows:the earliest annotations is Yan Yanzhi's annotation and Shen Yue's annotation.From Li Shan's annotation and Wu Chen's annotation,the seventeen Yonghuai Poems of Literary Works become the main body.The annotation of Ruan's poets broke through the pattern of the seventeen Yonghui Poems,which futhered its research until the Qing Dynasty.When modern times come,the annotation of Ruan's poets has systematicly and syntheticaly developed.
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웹 Annotation은 개인 노트의 수단이며, 동료들 사이에서 의견 교환과 협업할 수 있도록 도와준다[1]. 또한, Annotation들은 데이터베이스, 문서, 그리고 분산된 환경에서 중요한 일이나 사건을 기록하는데 바람직하다[2]. 이런 Annotation들은 통신수단의 발달과 함께 증가한 인터넷 사용자들의 활발한 의견교환을 통해 빠르게 증가하고 있다. 때문에 사용자들은 많은 Annotation들 중 적절한 Annotation을 선택하기가 쉽지 않다. 현재, 웹 상에서의 Annotation에 관련된 연구들이 활발히 진행 중에 있다. 그러나 한 문서 또는 한 Anchor에 존재하는 많은 Annotation들을 효과적으로 제공하는 방법에 관한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 기존의 대부분의 Annotation System들은 다수의 Annotation들은 관련성이나, 사용자 특성을 고려하지 않고, 입력된 무의미한 순서로 제공하며 생성된 anchor와 Annotation들을 모두 보여준다. 이로 인해, 한 문서에 너무 많은 Annotation이 생성되어 문서의 레이아웃을 손상시킬 수 있으며[3], anchor와 문서의 이해 시간을 가중시킨다[4]. 따라서 본 논문에서는 웹 문서에 생성된 다수의 Anchor들과 Annotation들을 좀 더 효율적으로 제공하기 우해 협업 환경에서 효과적인 Social Filtering[5]을 적용하여 적절한 Anchor와 Annotation마을 제공하는 사용자 관심사에 의한 Annotation 처리 기법을 제안한다. 더불어 한 Anchor에 생성된 Annotation들에 순위를 부여하여 보다 적절한 Annotation을 먼저 접근할 수 있는 Anchor에 대한 Annotation내에서의 순위부여 기법을 제안한다.
Temporal annotation
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사람은 누구나 책이나 문서를 읽을 때 중요한 부분에 강조, 해설, 설명을 위한 행위로 표시를 하거나 글을 입력한다. 이렇게 입력된 부가 정보를 Annotation이라고 한다[7]. 차후 이 부분에 대한 참조를 할 때 생성한 Annotation을 이용하면 책이나 문서에 대한 이해도를 높일 수 있다. 결국 Annotation은 한번 사용하고 그치는 정보가 아닌 재사용할 수 있는 정보임을 의미한다[1,2,3]. 따라서 이러한 Annotation 기능을 웹 문서에 적용하게 되면 종이문서에서 얻을 수 있는 장점뿐만 아니라 웹 환경의 특징인 공유[5], 검색[4], 재편집 등의 기능을 얻을 수 있다. 이에 관한 Annotation 연구가 많이 있지만, 여러 Annotation들 간의 무의미한 출력 순서, 문서와 Annotation 간의 위치 관계, Annotation 출력으로 인한 문서 구조 변경 등의 문제점으로 사용자들이 쉽게 사용 및 이해할 수 있는 Annotation 인터페이스에 대한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 Annotation들 간의 의미적 관계와 적절한 Annotation의 우선 접근을 위해 계층적 Annotation 구조를 제안하고, Annotation 출력으로 인한 문서 변경 문제를 해결하기 위해 문서와 인접한 위치에 Annotation을 출력하되 Annotation을 사용자가 원하는 위치로 이동시킬 수 있는 유동적 Annotation 인터페이스를 제안한다.
Temporal annotation
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To evaluate the histopathological examination of peri-implant tissue samples as a technique in the diagnosis of postoperative spinal implant infection (PSII).This was a retrospective analysis. Patients who underwent revision spinal surgery at our institution were recruited for this study. PSII was diagnosed by clinical signs, histopathology, and microbiological examination of intraoperatively collected samples. Histopathology was defined as the gold standard. The sensitivity for histopathology was calculated. A total of 47 patients with PSII and at least one microbiological and histopathological sample were included in the study.PSII occurred in approximately 28% of the study population. Histopathology showed a sensitivity of 51.1% in the diagnosis of PSII. The most commonly found pathogens were Cutibacterium acnes and gram-positive staphylococci.Histopathology has low sensitivity for detecting PSII. In particular, infections caused by low-virulence microorganisms are insufficiently detected by histopathology. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(7):899-903.
Histopathology
Histopathological examination
Gold standard (test)
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As a pedagogic corpus,the Colen Corpus has an annotation format based on the HTML technology,which is quite different from other corpus.This article outlines the philosophies related to the annotation under discussion,covering text-preparation,annotation process,annotation format exchange,and the annotation accuracy.
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This chapter discusses the process and content of a histopathology report, including the supplementary report. As well as containing all the patient demographical information, the report is divided into specific sections. A histopathology report is a verified document that contains a diagnosis, which is determined following the examination of cells, tissues, and sometimes foreign or infectious agents under the microscope. The chapter then looks at the key microscopic observations seen in the two key areas of histopathology – inflammation and cancer. It highlights the use of diagnostic datasets and the role of tissue pathways in histopathology, as well as the value of molecular/genetic information in histopathology reports.
Histopathology
Histopathological examination
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In the near twenty years,many domestic and oversea scholars had been researching about Chinese Hermeneutics,and their research mainly based on the study of China philosophy classics,especially on Confucianclassics.Annotation of Li ShanWenXuanis one of the most typical annotation phenomena in China literature history,which is very different with China ClassicsAnnotation.This articleshows up that annotation of Li ShanWenXuanand annotation of China philosophy classics are poles asunder from their annotation stands,annotation ideas,annotation goals,annotation attitude and cognitionabout verity etc,shows up the differences between annotation tradition of China literature and annotation tradition of China philosophy,and then show that China annotation tradition is rich and colorful.
Hermeneutics
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Abstract Background The relationship between histopathologic and molecular (“MMDx”®) assessments of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) and serum donor‐derived cell‐free DNA (ddcfDNA) in acute rejection (AR) assessment following pediatric heart transplantation (HT) is unknown. Methods EMB sent for MMDx and histopathology from November 2021 to September 2022 were reviewed. MMDx and histopathology results were compared. DdcfDNA obtained ≤1 week prior to EMB were compared with histopathology and MMDx results. The discrimination of ddcfDNA for AR was assessed using receiver‐operating curves. Findings In this study, 177 EMBs were obtained for histopathology and MMDx, 101 had time‐matched ddcfDNA values. MMDx and Histopathology displayed moderate agreement for T‐cell‐mediated rejection (TCMR, Kappa = 0.52, p < .001) and antibody‐mediated rejection (ABMR, Kappa = 0.41, p < .001). Discordant results occurred in 24% of cases, most often with ABMR. Compared with no AR, ddcfDNA values were elevated in cases of AR diagnosed by both histopathology and MMDx ( p < .01 for all). Additionally, ddcfDNA values were elevated in injury patterns on MMDx, even when AR was not present ( p = .01). DdcfDNA displayed excellent discrimination (AUC 0.83) for AR by MMDx and/or histopathology. Using a threshold of ≥0.135%, ddcfDNA had a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 63%, PPV of 52%, and NPV of 94%. Conclusions Histopathology and MMDx displayed moderate agreement in diagnosing AR following pediatric HT, with most discrepancies noted in the presence of ABMR. DdcfDNA is elevated with AR, with excellent discrimination and high NPV particularly when utilizing MMDx. A combination of all three tests may be necessary in some cases.
Histopathology
Kappa
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